ArticleChinese medical journal2016
Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Difficulties: A Developmental Perspective.
Article in Chinese medical journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of an Ecological Executive Skill Training Program for School-aged Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Chinese medical journal · 2017Trial
- In silico Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Analysis of Inherited Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder Families Identify an Interplay between Sensory Function and Repetitive-behaviour Genes.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- The Role of Executive Function in the Co-occurrence of ADHD and Developmental Dyscalculia in Chinese Children.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Clinical practice guidelines on cognitive impairment and ADHD-Assessment and Management.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Unveiling ADHD's impact on higher education students: statistics anxiety, attitudes, and statistical literacy.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Comparative Study of the Development of Executive Functions in Children: Transition from the First Cycle to the Second Cycle of Early Childhood Education.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Empowering Social Growth Through Virtual Reality-Based Intervention for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: 3-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR serious games · 2024Article
- Working memory and set-shifting in school-aged children classified as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2022Article
- Detection of Executive Performance Profiles Using the ENFEN Battery in Children Diagnosed With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Executive Function and Diabetes: A Clinical Neuropsychology Perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Review
- Genetic analysis for cognitive flexibility in the trail-making test in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from single nucleotide polymorphism, gene to pathway level.The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry · 2019Article
- Neuropsychological Profile Related with Executive Function of Chinese Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Neuropsychological Measures and Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version.Chinese medical journal · 2018Article
- Age-related connectivity differences between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients and typically developing subjects: a resting-state functional MRI study.Neural regeneration research · 2017Article
- Executive Function Training for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Chinese medical journal · 2017Article
- Comparing Theta Beta Ratio in Children With Attention-deficit/hyperactive Disorder and Specific Learning Disorder During Active EEG.Basic and clinical neuroscienceArticle
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe cognitive function of children with either attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disabilities (LDs) is known to be impaired. However, little is known about the cognitive function of children with comorbid ADHD and LD. The present study aimed to explore the cognitive function of children and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties in comparison with children with ADHD and healthy controls in different age groups in a large Chinese sample.
methodsTotally, 1043 participants with ADHD and learning difficulties (the ADHD + learning difficulties group), 870 with pure ADHD (the pure ADHD group), and 496 healthy controls were recruited. To investigate the difference in cognitive impairment using a developmental approach, all participants were divided into three age groups (6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years old). Measurements were the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Trail-Making Test, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parents (BRIEF). Multivariate analysis of variance was used.
resultsThe results showed that after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms, the ADHD + learning difficulties group was still significantly worse than the pure ADHD group, which was, in turn, worse than the control group on full intelligence quotient (98.66 ± 13.87 vs. 105.17 ± 14.36 vs. 112.93 ± 13.87, P < 0.001). The same relationship was also evident for shift function (shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 122.50 [62.00, 194.25] s vs. 122.00 [73.00, 201.50] s vs. 66.00 [45.00, 108.00] s, P< 0.001) and everyday life executive function (BRIEF total score, 145.71 ± 19.35 vs. 138.96 ± 18.00 vs. 122.71 ± 20.45, P < 0.001) after controlling for the effect of the severity of ADHD symptoms, intelligence quotient, age, and gender. As for the age groups, the differences among groups became nonsignificant in the 12-14 years old group for inhibition (meaning interference of the Stroop Color-Word Test, 18.00 [13.00, 25.00] s vs. 17.00 [15.00, 26.00] s vs. 17.00 [10.50, 20.00] s , P = 0.704) and shift function (shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 62.00 [43.00, 97.00] s vs. 53.00 [38.00, 81.00] s vs. 101.00 [88.00, 114.00] s, P = 0.778).
conclusionsChildren and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties have more severe cognitive impairment than pure ADHD patients even after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms. However, the differences in impairment in inhibition and shift function are no longer significant when these individuals were 12-14 years old.
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