ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2017
Biomechanics and Physiology of Uphill and Downhill Running.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 265 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal and kinematic gait changes in flexible flatfoot: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of uphill training on the maximal velocity and performance of middle-distance runners: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- New Considerations for Collecting Biomechanical Data Using Wearable Sensors: How Does Inclination Influence the Number of Runs Needed to Determine a Stable Running Gait Pattern?Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Trial
- Beetroot supplementation improves the physiological responses to incline walking.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Trial
- Sex differences in oxidative stress after eccentric and concentric exercise.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Biomechanical Responses to Level, Uphill, and Downhill Running Segments During an Outdoor Marathon.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Running Constraints Shape Multifractal Movement Complexity Beyond Physiological and Mechanical Load: A Pilot Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Overtraining on Anxiety-Like Behavior and Tight Junction Proteins of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Mice.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Oxygen uptake on-kinetics during horizontal and uphill treadmill running in moderate- and severe-intensity domains.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Energetic cost of locomotion closely aligns with the preferred uphill walk-run transition at constant vertical speed in runners.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Review
- A Physics-Based Digital Twin for Trail Running Race Performance Prediction: A Proof-of-Concept Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Highly Trained Female Runners Show Greater Durability and Physiological Resilience Than Performance-Matched Male Counterparts.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Article
- Metabolic energy expenditure during level, uphill, and downhill running.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Effects of slope on lower-limb bilateral asymmetry and dynamic stability during running.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Case report: Elevation variability and pacing regulation in an elite half-marathon runner: a longitudinal case study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most running studies have considered level running (LR), yet the regulation of locomotor behaviour during uphill (UR) and downhill (DR) running is fundamental to increase our understanding of human locomotion. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature regarding biomechanical, neuromuscular and physiological adaptations during graded running. Relative to LR, UR is characterized by a higher step frequency, increased internal mechanical work, shorter swing/aerial phase duration, and greater duty factor, while DR is characterized by increased aerial time, reduced step frequency and decreased duty factor. Grade also modifies foot strike patterns, with a progressive adoption of a mid- to fore-foot strike pattern during UR, and rear-foot strike patterns during DR. In UR, lower limb muscles perform a higher net mechanical work compared to LR and DR to increase the body's potential energy. In DR, energy dissipation is generally prevalent compared to energy generation. The increased demands for work as running incline increases are met by an increase in power output at all joints, particularly the hip. This implies that UR requires greater muscular activity compared to LR and DR. Energy cost of running (C
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.