ArticleNature medicine2016
Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection.
Article in Nature medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 557 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
557 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reservoir differences across HIV-1 subtypes: a systematic review to guide cure research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Selective persistence of HIV-1-infected T cell clones can occur through immune reprogramming driven by defective, transcriptionally active proviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Intragenic transcription from defective HIV proviruses triggers interferon responses in myeloid cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Implications of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in microglia.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- The immunophenotype and proviral landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during antiretroviral therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- HIV superinfection reveals sequential reservoir reactivation and immune-driven rebound dynamics.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The rebound-initiating viral reservoir (RIVR) in SIV/SHIV infection is dominated by plasma virus sequences present at the time of ART initiation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Single-cell analysis of HIV expression and integration sites reveals robust viral expression across diverse chromatin environments.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Strain-specific epistasis shapes fitness landscapes of APOBEC3G antagonism by HIV-1 Vif proteins.Science advances · 2026Article
- Early intervention, lasting impact: benefits of early antiretroviral therapy and implications for posttreatment control.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Three immunoregulatory signatures define non-productive HIV infection in stem cell memory CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- HIV Reservoirs in Brain parenchyma and Cerebrospinal Fluid During Suppressive ART: Same-Same or Very Different?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Dynamics of Intact and Defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proviruses During Decades of Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment in Young Adults With Perinatal HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- 5' leader defects drive persistent HIV-1 viremia on long-term ART.Nature communications · 2026Article
- HIV-1 virome profiling using HIV-PULSE to guide therapeutic and curative interventions.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Is the molecular microenvironment of the latent HIV reservoir predictable using deep learning approaches?Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Selective elimination of myeloid HIV reservoirs by targeting pro-survival pathways.The Journal of infection · 2026Article
- HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HIV Reservoirs Across Multiple Tissues: From Heterogeneous Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targeting.Microorganisms · 2026Review
497 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to clinically undetectable levels, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists in CD4(+) T cells in a latent form that is not targeted by the immune system or by ART. This latent reservoir is a major barrier to curing individuals of HIV-1 infection. Many individuals initiate ART during chronic infection, and in this setting, most proviruses are defective. However, the dynamics of the accumulation and the persistence of defective proviruses during acute HIV-1 infection are largely unknown. Here we show that defective proviruses accumulate rapidly within the first few weeks of infection to make up over 93% of all proviruses, regardless of how early ART is initiated. By using an unbiased method to amplify near-full-length proviral genomes from HIV-1-infected adults treated at different stages of infection, we demonstrate that early initiation of ART limits the size of the reservoir but does not profoundly affect the proviral landscape. This analysis allows us to revise our understanding of the composition of proviral populations and estimate the true reservoir size in individuals who were treated early versus late in infection. Additionally, we demonstrate that common assays for measuring the reservoir do not correlate with reservoir size, as determined by the number of genetically intact proviruses. These findings reveal hurdles that must be overcome to successfully analyze future HIV-1 cure strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.