SynthesisEBioMedicine2016
Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review.
Synthesis in EBioMedicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial on the Campaign Effect of Measles Vaccine and Oral Polio Vaccine on General Hospital Admissions and Mortality Among Children
BCG Vaccine to Reduce Unplanned Absenteeism Due to Illness of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Multi-center Randomised Controlled Trial (BCG-COVID-RCT)
The Role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine (BCG) in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Vaccines
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of a Second Dose of Measles Vaccine at 18 Months of Age on Nonaccidental Deaths and Hospital Admissions in Guinea-Bissau: Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Outcomes of controlled human malaria infection after BCG vaccination.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Trial
- The origin of non-specific effects of vaccines and the role of randomised clinical trials.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Beyond correlation and causation: epistemic caution, anomalous findings, and COVID-19 vaccine safety.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Review
- Pathogens as commensals: microbial priming of the immune system and heterologous protection.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2026Review
- Article
- Tuberculosis vaccination: microbiological and immunological summary of a series of experimental challenge studies.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- A Risk Management Approach to Global Pandemics of Infectious Disease and Anti-Microbial Resistance.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hampers COVID-19: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in High-Burden Endemic Areas of Iran.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Association between pioglitazone use and bladder cancer: A systematic review.Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.) · 2024Review
- Interpreting the Results of Trials of BCG Vaccination for Protection Against COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Review
- The role of trained immunity in COVID-19: Lessons for the next pandemic.Cell host & microbe · 2023Review
- Beneficial non-specific effects of live vaccines against COVID-19 and other unrelated infections.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Review
- BCG vaccination policy, natural boosting and pediatric brain and CNS tumor incidences.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The spectrum of tuberculosis described as differential DNA methylation patterns in alveolar macrophages and alveolar T cells.Clinical epigenetics · 2022Article
- The mechanisms and cross-protection of trained innate immunity.Virology journal · 2022Review
- Stopping Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) After Defeating Poliomyelitis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Harmful Unintended Consequences? Review of the Nonspecific Effects of OPV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Effect of early two-dose measles vaccination on childhood mortality and modification by maternal measles antibody in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: A single-centre open-label randomised controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Can what have we learnt about BCG vaccination in the last 20 years help us to design a better tuberculosis vaccine?Vaccine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLive vaccines against measles (MV), tuberculosis (BCG), polio (OPV) and smallpox reduce mortality more than explained by target-disease prevention. The beneficial nonspecific effects (NSEs) of MV are strongest when MV is given in presence of maternal antibodies. We therefore hypothesised that revaccination in presence of prior immunity enhances beneficial NSEs.
methodsLiterature search for studies of revaccination and mortality.
findingsIn two randomised trials (RCTs), two doses versus one dose of MV reduced all-cause mortality by 63% (95% CI: 23-83%) from 9 to 18months of age. In a quasi-experimental study two doses before and after 9months compared with one dose of MV after 9months of age reduced mortality by 59% (25-81%). BCG-revaccination significantly enhanced BCG's effect against overall child mortality in two RCTs. In a natural experiment study of OPV campaigns over a 13-year-period in Guinea-Bissau, each additional dose of OPV was associated with a 13% (4-21%) reduction in mortality rate. The beneficial NSEs of smallpox vaccination for survival increased significantly with the number of smallpox vaccination scars.
interpretationRevaccination with live vaccines led to substantial reductions in overall mortality. These findings challenge current understanding of vaccines and may explain the beneficial effects of campaigns with live vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.