ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2016
Maternal Milk T Cells Drive Development of Transgenerational Th1 Immunity in Offspring Thymus.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Microchimerism: The Hidden Cellular Dialogue Between Mother and Fetal That Shapes Lifelong Immunity.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The when, what, and where of naturally-acquired microchimerism.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Maternal milk cell components are uptaken by infant liver macrophages via extracellular vesicle mediated transport.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Maternal-Fetal Microchimerism: Impacts on Offspring's Immune Development and Transgenerational Immune Memory Transfer.Physiological research · 2024Review
- Quantification of Female Chimeric Cells in the Tonsils of Male Children and Their Determinants.Cells · 2023Article
- Environmental enteric dysfunction: gut and microbiota adaptation in pregnancy and infancy.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Review
- Postnatal depletion of maternal cells biases T lymphocytes and natural killer cells' profiles toward early activation in the spleen.Biology open · 2022Article
- Heat Stress Increases Mammary Epithelial Cells and Reduces Viable Immune Cells in Milk of Dairy Cows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- The Effect of Infant Gastric Digestion on Human Maternal Milk Cells.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2022Article
- Durable antibody and effector memory T cell responses in breastmilk from women with SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Tradeoffs in milk immunity affect infant infectious disease risk.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2022Article
- Secretory IgA and T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are transferred to the breastmilk upon mRNA vaccination.Cell reports. Medicine · 2021Article
- The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases: Is It Time to Define a Preconception Exposome?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems.Current opinion in gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Passive transfer of colostral leukocytes: A benefit/risk analysis.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2021Review
- Association between Bioactive Molecules in Breast Milk and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2020Review
- Elucidation of the Effects of a Current X-SCID Therapy on Intestinal Lymphoid Organogenesis Using an In Vivo Animal Model.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2020Article
- Transgenerational transfer of gene-modified T cells.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2019Article
- Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring.Science advances · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Using multiple murine foster-nursing protocols, thereby eliminating placental transfer and allowing a distinction between dam- and pup-derived cells, we show that foster nursing by an immunized dam results in development of CD8(+) T cells in nonimmunized foster pups that are specific for Ags against which the foster dam was immunized (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Candida albicans). We have dubbed this process "maternal educational immunity" to distinguish it from passive cellular immunity. Of the variety of maternal immune cells present in milk, only T cells were detected in pup tissues. Maternal T cells, a substantial percentage of which were CD4(+)MHC class II(+), accumulated in the pup thymus and spleen during the nursing period. Further analysis of maternal cells in the pup thymus showed that a proportion was positive for maternal immunogen-specific MHC class II tetramers. To determine the outcome of Ag presentation in the thymus, the maternal or foster pup origin of immunogen-responding CD8(+) cells in foster pup spleens was assessed. Whereas ∼10% were maternally derived in the first few weeks after weaning, all immunogen-responding CD8(+) T cells were pup derived by 12 wk of age. Pup-derived immunogen-responsive CD8(+) cells persisted until at least 1 y of age. Passive cellular immunity is well accepted and has been demonstrated in the human population. In this study, we show an arguably more important role for transferred immune cells: the direction of offspring T cell development. Harnessing maternal educational immunity through prepregnancy immunization programs has potential for improvement of infant immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.