ArticleAntiviral research2016
Exosomes contribute to the transmission of anti-HIV activity from TLR3-activated brain microvascular endothelial cells to macrophages.
Article in Antiviral research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection: molecular mechanisms, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Small extracellular vesicles proteome reveals persistent inflammatory and coagulopathic dysregulation in long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Small Extracellular Vesicles: Unraveling Their Roles in Ovarian Cancer Progression and Tapping Into Clinical Application Potential.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Signature Proteins in Small Extracellular Vesicles of Granulocytes and CD4International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- From stem cells to extracellular vesicles: a new horizon in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Cytotechnology · 2024Review
- cGAS-ISG15-RAGE axis reprogram necroptotic microenvironment and promote lymphatic metastasis in head and neck cancer.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Review
- Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Cell Type-Specific Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Health and Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Unveiling the Multifaceted Roles of ISG15: From Immunomodulation to Therapeutic Frontiers.Vaccines · 2024Review
- The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Type I/type III IFN and related factors regulate JEV infection and BBB endothelial integrity.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Proteomic profiling of urinary small extracellular vesicles in children with pneumonia: a pilot study.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- The complex role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection.BMB reports · 2023Review
- Exosome and virus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- HIV-1 and opiates modulate miRNA profiles in extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Interferon-stimulated gene 15 pathway is a novel mediator of endothelial dysfunction and aneurysms development in angiotensin II infused mice through increased oxidative stress.Cardiovascular research · 2022Article
- The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), the major cell type in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), play a key role in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, their role in the BBB innate immunity against HIV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) remains to be determined. Our early work showed that TLR3 signaling of HBMECs could produce the antiviral factors that inhibit HIV replication in macrophages. The present study examined whether exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs mediate the intercellular transfer of antiviral factors to macrophages. Primary human macrophages could take up exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs. HBMECs-derived exosomes contained multiple antiviral factors, including several key IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs; ISG15, ISG56, and Mx2) at mRNA and protein levels. The depletion of exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs culture supernatant diminished HBMECs-mediated anti-HIV activity in macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrate that exosomes shed by HBMECs are able to transport the antiviral molecules to macrophages. This finding suggests the possibility that HIV nonpermissive BBB cells (HBMECs) can help to restore the antiviral state in HIV-infected macrophages, which may be a defense mechanism against HIV neuroinvasion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.