ArticleMolecular immunology2016
Binding of estrogen receptors to switch sites and regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of activated B cells suggests a direct influence of estrogen on antibody expression.
Article in Molecular immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Gender-specific differences in outcome and survival in early cystectomy : Systematic review].Urologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-specific differences in recurrence and progression following cytostatic intravesical chemotherapy for non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer (NMIBC).Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Pediatric Pneumococcus and Hepatitis A Vaccinations With or Without a High-Dose Oral Vitamin A Supplement.Biomolecules · 2025Trial
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Precision Vaccinology: Making Vaccines Work Better for Women and Men.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Estrogen influences class-switched memory B cell frequency only in humans with two X chromosomes.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- A humanized mouse that mounts mature class-switched, hypermutated and neutralizing antibody responses.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Sex hormones and allergies: exploring the gender differences in immune responses.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- How Estrogen, Testosterone, and Sex Differences Influence Serum Immunoglobulin Isotype Patterns in Mice and Humans.Viruses · 2023Article
- Evolutive emergence and divergence of an Ig regulatory node: An environmental sensor getting cues from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor?Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Sex-the most underappreciated variable in research: insights from helminth-infected hosts.Veterinary research · 2022Review
- Retinol Binding Protein, Sunlight Hours, and the Influenza Virus-Specific Immune Response.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Article
- Gender-Diverse Inclusion in Immunological Research: Benefits to Science and Health.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Might Routine Vitamin A Monitoring in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Reduce Virus-Mediated Lung Pathology?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Increased estrogen to androgen ratio enhances immunoglobulin levels and impairs B cell function in male mice.Scientific reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Females and males differ in antibody isotype expression patterns and in immune responses to foreign- and self-antigens. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus is a condition that associates with the production of isotype-skewed anti-self antibodies, and exhibits a 9:1 female:male disease ratio. To explain differences between B cell responses in males and females, we sought to identify direct interactions of the estrogen receptor (ER) with the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. This effort was encouraged by our previous identification of estrogen response elements (ERE) in heavy chain switch (S) regions. We conducted a full-genome chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP-seq) using DNA from LPS-activated B cells and an ERα-specific antibody. Results revealed ER binding to a wide region of DNA, spanning sequences from the JH cluster to Cδ, with peaks in Eμ and Sμ sites. Additional peaks of ERα binding were coincident with hs1,2 and hs4 sites in the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) of the heavy chain locus. This first demonstration of direct binding of ER to key regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin locus supports our hypothesis that estrogen and other nuclear hormone receptors and ligands may directly influence antibody expression and class switch recombination (CSR). Our hypothesis encourages the conduct of new experiments to evaluate the consequences of ER binding. A better understanding of ER:DNA interactions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, and respective mechanisms, may ultimately translate to better control of antibody expression, better protection against pathogens, and prevention of pathologies caused by auto-immune disease.
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Registered trials
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