ArticleRoyal Society open science2016
Pupil dilation as an index of preferred mutual gaze duration.
Article in Royal Society open science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Feasibility of a Novel Eye Gaze Shift Task in Autism Assessment: A Pilot Study.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Eye Movement Abnormalities During the Gaze Perception Task in Individuals With Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Discriminant Analysis With Hidden Markov Models.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- The right eye for fixations: Eye asymmetries modulate gaze patterns towards speakers.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Autistic eye contact? A hermeneutic phenomenological multicenter study of the similarities and differences in eye-contact experiences between adults with and without autism.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- The semantics of gaze in person perception: a novel qualitative-quantitative approach.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Improving counseling effectiveness with virtual counselors through nonverbal compassion involving eye contact, facial mimicry, and head-nodding.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Does a robot's gaze aversion affect human gaze aversion?Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2023Article
- Social synchronization of brain activity increases during eye-contact.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Wearing face masks impairs dyadic micro-activities in nonverbal social encounter: A mixed-methods first-person study on the sense of I and Thou.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Machine Learning Distinguishes Familiar from Unfamiliar Pairs of Subjects Performing an Eye Contact Task: A Systemic Physiology Augmented Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Article
- Eye contact marks the rise and fall of shared attention in conversation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2021Review
- Premises of social cognition: Newborns are sensitive to a direct versus a faraway gaze.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- A naturalistic paradigm simulating gaze-based social interactions for the investigation of social agency.Behavior research methods · 2020Article
- Physiological regulation and social-emotional processing in female carriers of the FMR1 premutation.Physiology & behavior · 2020Article
- Eye contact effects on social preference and face recognition in normal ageing and in Alzheimer's disease.Psychological research · 2019Article
- Neural correlates of eye contact in face-to-face verbal interaction: An EEG-based study of the extraversion personality trait.PloS one · 2019Article
- Using dual eye tracking to uncover personal gaze patterns during social interaction.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Scanpath modeling and classification with hidden Markov models.Behavior research methods · 2018Article
- Affective Eye Contact: An Integrative Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most animals look at each other to signal threat or interest. In humans, this social interaction is usually punctuated with brief periods of mutual eye contact. Deviations from this pattern of gazing behaviour generally make us feel uncomfortable and are a defining characteristic of clinical conditions such as autism or schizophrenia, yet it is unclear what constitutes normal eye contact. Here, we measured, across a wide range of ages, cultures and personality types, the period of direct gaze that feels comfortable and examined whether autonomic factors linked to arousal were indicative of people's preferred amount of eye contact. Surprisingly, we find that preferred period of gaze duration is not dependent on fundamental characteristics such as gender, personality traits or attractiveness. However, we do find that subtle pupillary changes, indicative of physiological arousal, correlate with the amount of eye contact people find comfortable. Specifically, people preferring longer durations of eye contact display faster increases in pupil size when viewing another person than those preferring shorter durations. These results reveal that a person's preferred duration of eye contact is signalled by physiological indices (pupil dilation) beyond volitional control that may play a modulatory role in gaze behaviour.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.