ArticleOpen heart
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in relation to smoking behaviour and history: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Open heart. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of maternal prenatal smoking GFI1-locus and cardio-metabolic phenotypes in 18,212 adults.EBioMedicine · 2018Pooled it
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- Regulatory effects of resveratrol on nitric oxide signaling in cardiovascular diseases.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Review
- The heart-brain axis: unraveling the interconnections between cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- A comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking on adverse clinical outcomes of steatotic liver diseases.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women in a South Asian population: a descriptive study of modifiable risk factors.BMJ open · 2024Observational
- Hepatitis C Infection Is Not a Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Young Adults.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Changes in 10-Year Predicted Cardiovascular Disease Risk for a Multiethnic Semirural Population in South East Asia: Prospective Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
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- Epicardial fat and insulin resistance in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional analysis.GeroScience · 2024Article
- Identifying Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults with Explainable Artificial Intelligence.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2023Article
- Unveiling Spatial Associations between COVID-19 Severe Health Index, Racial/Ethnic Composition, and Community Factors in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors amongst young adults in the United Arab Emirates: the UAE Healthy Future Study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Prevalence and Quality of Endodontic Treatment in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risk Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of IraPEN Program in the General Population of Iran.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Physical Activity for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Recent Advances of Cell Membrane Coated Nanoparticles in Treating Cardiovascular Disorders.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate how individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (blood pressure, lipid levels, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, use of antihypertensive or hypolipidemic medication, and diagnosed diabetes) differ in people aged 46 years with different smoking behaviour and history.
methodsThis population-based cohort study is based on longitudinal data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 project. Data were collected at the 31-year and 46-year follow-ups, when a total of 5038 and 5974 individuals participated in clinical examinations and questionnaires. Data from both follow-ups were available for 3548 participants. In addition to individual CVD risk factors, Framingham and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithms were used to assess the absolute risk of a CVD event within the next decade.
resultsThe differences in individual risk factors for CVD reached statistical significance for some groups, but the differences were not consistent or clinically significant. There were no clinically significant differences in CVD risk as measured by Framingham or SCORE algorithms between never smokers, recent quitters and former smokers (7.5%, 7.4%, 8.1% for men; 3.3%, 3.0%, 3.2% for women; p<0.001).
conclusionsThe effect of past or present smoking on individual CVD risk parameters such as blood pressure and cholesterol seems to be of clinically minor significance in people aged 46 years. In other words, smoking seems to be above all an independent risk factor for CVD in the working-age population. Quitting smoking in working age may thus reduce calculated CVD risk nearly to the same level with people who have never smoked.
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Registered trials
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