ReviewPLoS neglected tropical diseases2016
Transmission Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent - A Systematic Literature Review.
Review in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Design, Conduct, Analysis, and Reporting of Therapeutic Efficacy Studies in Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review of Published Reports, 2000-2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Pooled it
- Association of Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis pathogenesis with prolonged sunlight (ultraviolet radiations) exposure in VL endemic population of Bihar.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spatial variation in time to diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Progress in antileishmanial drugs: Mechanisms, challenges, and prospects.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Genomic Insight of Leishmania Parasite: In-Depth Review of Drug Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Mutations.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Article
- Assessment of the impact of implementation research on the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination efforts in Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
- Validating Immunomodulatory Responses of r-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Molecular Characterization ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Challenges of using modelling evidence in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in India.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Modeling and simulation study to identify threonine synthase as possible drug target in Leishmania major.Molecular diversity · 2021Article
- Mathematical modelling of the use of insecticide-treated nets for elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Frequency of Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Is Leishmaniasis donovani elimination feasible in Bhutan? A review of current prevention and control mechanisms in Bhutan.Bhutan health journal · 2020Article
- Inferring transmission trees to guide targeting of interventions against visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Review
- Evaluation of Rapid Extraction Methods Coupled with a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Point-of-Need Diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2020Article
- Conversion of asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A study of possible immunological markers.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Housing structure including the surrounding environment as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs Bangladesh, India and Nepal progress towards visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination, it is important to understand the role of asymptomatic Leishmania infection (ALI), VL treatment relapse and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in transmission. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDING: We reviewed evidence systematically on ALI, relapse and PKDL. We searched multiple databases to include studies on burden, risk factors, biomarkers, natural history, and infectiveness of ALI, PKDL and relapse. After screening 292 papers, 98 were included covering the years 1942 through 2016. ALI, PKDL and relapse studies lacked a reference standard and appropriate biomarker. The prevalence of ALI was 4-17-fold that of VL. The risk of ALI was higher in VL case contacts. Most infections remained asymptomatic or resolved spontaneously. The proportion of ALI that progressed to VL disease within a year was 1.5-23%, and was higher amongst those with high antibody titres. The natural history of PKDL showed variability; 3.8-28.6% had no past history of VL treatment. The infectiveness of PKDL was 32-53%. The risk of VL relapse was higher with HIV co-infection. Modelling studies predicted a range of scenarios. One model predicted VL elimination was unlikely in the long term with early diagnosis. Another model estimated that ALI contributed to 82% of the overall transmission, VL to 10% and PKDL to 8%. Another model predicted that VL cases were the main driver for transmission. Different models predicted VL elimination if the sandfly density was reduced by 67% by killing the sandfly or by 79% by reducing their breeding sites, or with 4-6y of optimal IRS or 10y of sub-optimal IRS and only in low endemic setting. CONCLUSION/ SIGNIFICANCE: There is a need for xenodiagnostic and longitudinal studies to understand the potential of ALI and PKDL as reservoirs of infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.