ArticleAmerican journal of human genetics2016
Defining KIR and HLA Class I Genotypes at Highest Resolution via High-Throughput Sequencing.
Article in American journal of human genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 173 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) and Maternal KIR Genes: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.JBRA assisted reproduction · 2020Pooled it
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- High KIR diversity in Uganda and Botswana children living with HIV.Human immunology · 2026Article
- Investigation of human leukocyte antigen alleles as risk factors for cryptococcal disease in Ugandan individuals with HIV.Human immunology · 2026Article
- Graph-KIR: graph-based KIR copy number estimation and allele calling using short-read sequencing data.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity Marks an Innate Inflammatory Response Associated With HLA Variation and Enhanced Protection.Research square · 2026Article
- Signatures of pathogen-driven selection and Austronesian gene flow of Papua New Guinea HLA alleles.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating T Lymphocytes Recognize Thyroid-specific Proteins and Neo-antigens in Follicular Cell-derived Thyroid Cancers.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- A Scalable Framework for Comprehensive Typing of Polymorphic Immune Genes from Long-Read Data.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Antigen specificity of clonally enriched CD8Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Integrating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor highresolution genotyping for predicting transplant outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Haematologica · 2026Article
- Global patterns of KIR genotype diversity reflect human migration and regional differences.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- An HLA Association With COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity Correlates With Fewer SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Monocyte Activation.Research square · 2025Article
- No evidence for disassortative mating based on HLA in a small-scale, endogamous population.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) alleles suggested to be associated with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Article
- Identification of HLA ligands in dengue patients by multiplex PCR-SSP method.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The physiological functions of natural killer (NK) cells in human immunity and reproduction depend upon diverse interactions between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA class I ligands: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. The genomic regions containing the KIR and HLA class I genes are unlinked, structurally complex, and highly polymorphic. They are also strongly associated with a wide spectrum of diseases, including infections, autoimmune disorders, cancers, and pregnancy disorders, as well as the efficacy of transplantation and other immunotherapies. To facilitate study of these extraordinary genes, we developed a method that captures, sequences, and analyzes the 13 KIR genes and HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C from genomic DNA. We also devised a bioinformatics pipeline that attributes sequencing reads to specific KIR genes, determines copy number by read depth, and calls high-resolution genotypes for each KIR gene. We validated this method by using DNA from well-characterized cell lines, comparing it to established methods of HLA and KIR genotyping, and determining KIR genotypes from 1000 Genomes sequence data. This identified 116 previously uncharacterized KIR alleles, which were all demonstrated to be authentic by sequencing from source DNA via standard methods. Analysis of just two KIR genes showed that 22% of the 1000 Genomes individuals have a previously uncharacterized allele or a structural variant. The method we describe is suited to the large-scale analyses that are needed for characterizing human populations and defining the precise HLA and KIR factors associated with disease. The methods are applicable to other highly polymorphic genes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.