SynthesisInflammatory bowel diseases2016
Environmental Hygiene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: an umbrella review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Ethnicity Influences Phenotype and Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-based Studies.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2018Pooled it
- Systematic review with meta-analysis: breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2017Pooled it
- Intestinal parasitic infection among household contacts of primary cases, a comparative cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Polygenic Risk Scores Show Distinct Genetic Architectures of IBD-Associated Comorbidities.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Soluble mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 is a biomarker for pediatric ulcerative colitis.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- The AMP-antibiotic-microbiota triad in IBD: a mechanistic framework for dysregulated antimicrobial defense.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The gut immune axis in ulcerative colitis: insights from microbiome research.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- IBD Prediction Is Possible, but How Far Are We from Implementing It?Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Review
- Environmental risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease: toward a strategy of preventative health.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2025Review
- Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Childhood and adolescent residential and farm pesticide exposures and inflammatory bowel disease incidence in a U.S. cohort of women.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Early-Life Hygiene-Related Factors and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2024Article
- Early Life and Childhood Environmental Exposures, More Than Genetic Predisposition, Influence Age of Diagnosis in a Diverse Cohort of 2952 Patients With IBD.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2024Article
- Pesticide use and inflammatory bowel disease in licensed pesticide applicators and spouses in the Agricultural Health Study.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Environmental and Microbial Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model Establishment: A Review Partly through Mendelian Randomization.Gut and liver · 2024Review
- Pregnancy period and early-life risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effect ofACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Unveiling microbial dynamics: a review of health and immune enhancement in school settings.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2024Review
- The oral microbiome and oral and upper gastrointestinal diseases.Journal of oral microbiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAccording to the hygiene hypothesis, individuals raised in a sanitary environment have a higher risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, results have been inconsistent. We conducted this systematic review of factors related to environmental hygiene and risk of IBD, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
methodsA systematic search was performed on MEDLINE between 1980 and 2015 to identify studies of the association between IBD and contact with pets and farm animals, number of siblings, bedroom sharing in childhood, and access to personal toilet and hot water. Random- or fixed-effect meta-analyses were performed, and analysis further stratified based on ethnicity of the included cohort.
resultsA total of 29 relevant studies were included. Having a pet (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.88) and contact with farm animals was inversely associated with risk of IBD (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31-0.60). However, the strength of association with farm animals was statistically stronger in non-white cohorts (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.02-0.53) than in white cohorts (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45-0.65) (P = 0.028). Access to toilet (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.85) and hot water (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.44-0.89) was inversely associated with UC in non-white populations but not whites. Having more than 2 siblings was inversely associated with risk of CD.
conclusionsSeveral factors pertaining to reduced environmental hygiene are inversely associated with risk of IBD. However, underlying ethnicity influences susceptibility to the effect of these factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.