ReviewMolecular and cellular pediatrics2016
Lung epithelial GM-CSF improves host defense function and epithelial repair in influenza virus pneumonia-a new therapeutic strategy?
Review in Molecular and cellular pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04400929 (Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunopathological Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Critical and Non-critical Pneumonia Patients: A Systematic Review to Determine the Cause of Co-infection.Frontiers in public health · 2020Pooled it
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Pulmonary Procoagulant and Innate Immune Responses in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Association between serum anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies and nintedanib-induced diarrhea in interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Interleukin-27-adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-based gene therapy attenuates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Mucosal Immunity: Lessons from the Lower Respiratory and Small Intestinal Epithelia.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Co-infection of COVID-19 and pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report on lung and liver damage.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- GM-CSF, G-CSF or no cytokine therapy with anti-GD2 immunotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma.International journal of cancer · 2024Review
- Review
- Alveolar macrophages in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and infection: evolving concepts of therapeutic targeting.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Review
- Ethanol-exposed lung fibroblasts cause airway epithelial barrier dysfunction.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2023Article
- Host-directed immunotherapy of viral and bacterial infections: past, present and future.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Role of GM-CSF in lung balance and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Tissue specific imprinting on innate lymphoid cells during homeostasis and disease process revealed by integrative inference of single-cell transcriptomics.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Loss of GM-CSF-dependent instruction of alveolar macrophages in COVID-19 provides a rationale for inhaled GM-CSF treatment.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Article
- 3DEmerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- GM-CSF-activated human dendritic cells promote type 1 T follicular helper cell polarization in a CD40-dependent manner.Journal of cell science · 2022Article
- Lethal synergy between SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae in hACE2 mice and protective efficacy of vaccination.JCI insight · 2022Article
- GM-CSF is key in the efficacy of vaccine-induced reduction of Helicobacter pylori infection.Helicobacter · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IVs) circulate seasonally and are a common cause of respiratory infections in pediatric and adult patients. Additionally, recurrent pandemics cause massive morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infection may result in rapid progressive viral pneumonia with fatal outcome. Since accurate treatment strategies are still missing, research refocuses attention to lung pathology and cellular crosstalk to develop new therapeutic options.Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) play an important role in orchestrating the pulmonary antiviral host response. After IV infection they release a cascade of immune mediators, one of which is granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF is known to promote differentiation, activation and mobilization of myeloid cells. In the lung, GM-CSF drives immune functions of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) and also improves epithelial repair processes through direct interaction with AECs. During IV infection, AEC-derived GM-CSF shows a lung-protective effect that is also present after local GM-CSF application. This mini-review provides an overview on GM-CSF-modulated immune responses to IV pneumonia and its therapeutic potential in severe IV pneumonia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.