ArticleJournal of wildlife diseases2016
SEROSURVEY OF SELECTED ARBOVIRAL PATHOGENS IN FREE-RANGING, TWO-TOED SLOTHS (CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI) AND THREE-TOED SLOTHS (BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS) IN COSTA RICA, 2005-07.
Article in Journal of wildlife diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Clinical Landscape and Rate of Exposure to Ilheus Virus: Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential non-human animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the Mayaro virus.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of Arboviruses and Genetic Characterization of Orbiviruses in Sloths from Western Panama.Viruses · 2025Article
- Local tree cover predicts mosquito species richness and disease vector presence in a tropical countryside landscape.Landscape ecology · 2025Article
- Potential of Ilhéus virus to emerge.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Seasonal changes in the diversity, host preferences and infectivity of mosquitoes in two arbovirus-endemic regions of Costa Rica.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Morphologic and Genetic Characterization of Ilheus Virus, a Potential Emergent Flavivirus in the Americas.Viruses · 2023Article
- Serosurvey in Two Dengue Hyperendemic Areas of Costa Rica Evidence Active Circulation of WNV and SLEV in Peri-Domestic and Domestic Animals and in Humans.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Serological Positivity against SelectedViruses · 2022Article
- Review
- On the move: sloths and their epibionts as model mobile ecosystems.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2021Review
- Observational Characterization of the Ecological and Environmental Features Associated with the Presence of Oropouche Virus and the Primary VectorTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Review
- Serosurvey of Nonhuman Primates in Costa Rica at the Human-Wildlife Interface Reveals High Exposure to Flaviviruses.Insects · 2021Article
- An Environmental Niche Model to Estimate the Potential Presence of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Costa Rica.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Cross-order host switches of hepatitis C-related viruses illustrated by a novel hepacivirus from sloths.Virus evolution · 2020Article
- Sloths host Anhanga virus-related phleboviruses across large distances in time and space.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2020Article
- The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis of Mayaro virus.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- West Nile Virus Associations in Wild Mammals: An Update.Viruses · 2019Review
- Surveillance of Arboviruses in Primates and Sloths in the Atlantic Forest, Bahia, Brazil.EcoHealth · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We screened for antibodies to 16 arboviruses in four populations of free-ranging sloths in Costa Rica. Blood samples were taken from 16 Hoffman's two-toed sloths (HTSs; Choloepus hoffmanni ) and 26 brown-throated sloths (BTSs; Bradypus variegatus ) over a 3-yr period. We used serologic assays to detect antibodies against 10 arboviruses previously described in sloths (St. Louis encephalitis [SLEV], Changuinola, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ilheus [ILHV], Oropouche, Mayaro, Utinga, Murutucu, Punta Toro, and vesicular stomatitis [VSV] viruses) and six arboviruses not described in sloths (Rio Grande, West Nile [WNV], eastern equine encephalitis, Piry, Munguba, and La Crosse viruses). Overall, 80% of sloths had detectable antibodies to SLEV, 67% had antibodies to ILHV, 32% to Punta Toro virus, 30% to Changuinola virus, 15% to WNV, 14% to VSV, 11% to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and 10% to Rio Grande virus. No samples had detectable antibodies to the remaining eight viruses. We found a significant increase in prevalence of antibody to VSV in HTSs between 2005 and 2007, and for WNV antibody between 2005 and 2006. We found no significant differences in the prevalences of antibodies to the sampled viruses between the two locations. Antibody prevalences were significantly higher in HTSs than in BTSs for SLEV in 2005. Antibody-positive results for ILHV were likely due to cross-reaction with SLEV. The novel finding of antibodies to Rio Grande virus in sloths could be due to cross-reaction with another phlebovirus. These findings might have implications for land management and domestic animal health. Due to the nature of the study, we could not determine whether sloths could represent amplification hosts for these viruses, or whether they were only exposed and could be used as sentinel species. Further studies are needed to fully characterize arboviral exposure in sloths.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.