ArticleThe Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics2016
Effects of Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites on Evoked Striatal Dopamine Release, Dopamine Receptors, and Monoamine Transporters.
Article in The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ketamine metabolites, clinical response, and gamma power in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial for treatment-resistant major depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Acute ketamine administration corrects abnormal inflammatory bone markers in major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2018Trial
- Ketamine Improves Anhedonic Phenotypes Across Species: Translational Evidence From the Probabilistic Reward Task.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Inhibition of SERT and NMDAR synergistically confers rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine.National science review · 2025Article
- Ketamine metabolism via hepatic CYP450 isoforms contributes to its sustained antidepressant actions.Neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- Review
- ThePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Microdosing ketamine in Drosophila does not block serotonin reuptake, but causes complex behavioral changes mediated by glutamate and serotonin receptors.Journal of neurochemistry · 2024Article
- Modulation of habenular and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity by ketamine in major depression.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- The role of NMDARs in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Dopamine Concentration Changes Associated with the Retrodialysis of Methylone and 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) into the Caudate Putamen.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Microdosing ketamine inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Deep brain stimulation alleviates tics in Tourette syndrome via striatal dopamine transmission.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- The antidepressant actions of ketamine and its enantiomers.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2023Review
- Pharmacological Mechanism of Ketamine in Suicidal Behavior Based on Animal Models of Aggressiveness and Impulsivity: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Target deconvolution studies of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine: an elusive search.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine rapidly potentiates optically-evoked Schaffer collateral synaptic activity.Neuropharmacology · 2022Article
- Article
- Distinct limbic dopamine regulation across olfactory-tubercle subregions through integration of in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and optogenetics.Journal of neurochemistry · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants.Biochemical pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Following administration at subanesthetic doses, (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) induces rapid and robust relief from symptoms of depression in treatment-refractory depressed patients. Previous studies suggest that ketamine's antidepressant properties involve enhancement of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Ketamine is rapidly metabolized to (2S,6S)- and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), which have antidepressant actions independent of N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor inhibition. These antidepressant actions of (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HNK, or other metabolites, as well as ketamine's side effects, including abuse potential, may be related to direct effects on components of the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. Here, brain and blood distribution/clearance and pharmacodynamic analyses at DA receptors (D1-D5) and the DA, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters were assessed for ketamine and its major metabolites (norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and HNKs). Additionally, we measured electrically evoked mesolimbic DA release and decay using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry following acute administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine (2, 10, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.). Following ketamine injection, ketamine, norketamine, and multiple hydroxynorketamines were detected in the plasma and brain of mice. Dehydronorketamine was detectable in plasma, but concentrations were below detectable limits in the brain. Ketamine did not alter the magnitude or kinetics of evoked DA release in the nucleus accumbens in anesthetized mice. Neither ketamine's enantiomers nor its metabolites had affinity for DA receptors or the DA, noradrenaline, and serotonin transporters (up to 10 μM). These results suggest that neither the side effects nor antidepressant actions of ketamine or ketamine metabolites are associated with direct effects on mesolimbic DAergic neurotransmission. Previously observed in vivo changes in DAergic neurotransmission following ketamine administration are likely indirect.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.