ReviewPharmacological research2016
Immunotherapy: A promising approach to reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
Review in Pharmacological research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Programmed Cell Death-1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Blockade Improves Survival of Animals with Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2018Pooled it
- Nangibotide in patients with septic shock: a Phase 2a randomized controlled clinical trial.Intensive care medicine · 2020Trial
- Engineering a multifunctional nanoplatform with cascade catalytic and bidirectional immunomodulatory capacities for integrating sepsis therapy.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Bench-to-Bedside Insights into the Challenges of Immunosuppression in Sepsis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Sepsis Endotypes Defined by Lymphocyte Thresholds and Inflammation Inform Precision Immunomodulation.MedComm · 2026Article
- Genetic and Experimental Evidence Implicates CCL4 in Severe Sepsis Risk and Phase-Dependent Immune Dynamics.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- The regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in the "immune paralytic-overactivation" imbalance in sepsis: the latest progress from molecular signaling to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nanoplatforms in sepsis storm: Multimodal synergy for precision immunomodulation and pathogen neutralizations.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2025Review
- Immunodynamic Disruption in Sepsis: Mechanisms and Strategies for Personalized Immunomodulation.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Immunomodulation in Pediatric Sepsis: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Insights into sepsis-induced apoptosis: Interplay between programmed cell death and interleukin-7.Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures) · 2025Review
- Comprehensive integration of diagnostic biomarker analysis and immune cell infiltration features in sepsis via machine learning and bioinformatics techniques.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Interaction between post-tumor inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The dysfunction of complement and coagulation in diseases: the implications for the therapeutic interventions.MedComm · 2024Review
- Review
- Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS): a review of definitions, potential therapies, and research priorities.British journal of anaesthesia · 2024Review
- Characteristics and risk factors for invasive fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure: a retrospective cohort study from 2010 to 2023.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Immunoadjuvant therapy in the regulation of cell death in sepsis: recent advances and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- NLRP6 negatively regulates host defense against polymicrobial sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host responses to infection (Third International Consensus definition for Sepsis and septic shock). Despite decades of research, sepsis remains the leading cause of death in intensive care units. More than 40 clinical trials, most of which have targeted the sepsis-associated pro-inflammatory response, have failed. Thus, antibiotics and fluid resuscitation remain the mainstays of supportive care and there is intense need to discover and develop novel, targeted therapies to treat sepsis. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies over the past decade demonstrate unequivocally that sepsis not only causes hyper-inflammation, but also leads to simultaneous adaptive immune system dysfunction and impaired antimicrobial immunity. Evidences for immunosuppression include immune cell depletion (T cells most affected), compromised T cell effector functions, T cell exhaustion, impaired antigen presentation, increased susceptibility to opportunistic nosocomial infections, dysregulated cytokine secretion, and reactivation of latent viruses. Therefore, targeting immunosuppression provides a logical approach to treat protracted sepsis. Numerous pre-clinical studies using immunomodulatory agents such as interleukin-7, anti-programmed cell death 1 antibody (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand antibody (anti-PD-L1), and others have demonstrated reversal of T cell dysfunction and improved survival. Therefore, identifying immunosuppressed patients with the help of specific biomarkers and administering specific immunomodulators holds significant potential for sepsis therapy in the future. This review focusses on T cell dysfunction during sepsis and discusses the potential immunotherapeutic agents to boost T cell function during sepsis and improve host resistance to infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.