ArticleBritish journal of cancer2016
Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the true size of the increased risk?
Article in British journal of cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and incidence risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Contraceptive use with breast cancer incidence in Indonesia.Breast disease · 2024Pooled it
- Combined Red Clover isoflavones and probiotics potently reduce menopausal vasomotor symptoms.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Hormone therapy use and young-onset breast cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts included in the Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group.The Lancet. Oncology · 2025Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 1.3 million women in Norway.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Cholesterol Levels, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Incident Dementia among Older Adult Women.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk among Hispanic women in Puerto Rico.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2022Article
- Screening outcomes by risk factor and age: evidence from BreastScreen WA for discussions of risk-stratified population screening.The Medical journal of Australia · 2021Article
- Breast Cancer: A Global Concern, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives, Mechanistic Targets in Drug Development.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2021Review
- Use of postmenopausal hormone therapies and risk of histology- and hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: results from a 15-year prospective analysis of NIH-AARP cohort.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2020Observational
- Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormone Therapy and Ovarian Cancer: A Complicated Relationship Explored.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Article
- Breast cancer in low-middle income countries: abnormality in splicing and lack of targeted treatment options.American journal of cancer research · 2020Review
- Analysis and Identification of Active Compounds from Gami-Soyosan Toxic to MCF-7 Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells.Biomolecules · 2019Article
- Hormone Replacement Therapy: Would it be Possible to Replicate a Functional Ovary?International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Mortality and Risk of Cancer After Prophylactic Bilateral Oophorectomy in Women With a Family History of Cancer.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2018Article
- Article
- Why women choose compounded bioidentical hormone therapy: lessons from a qualitative study of menopausal decision-making.BMC women's health · 2017Article
- Association between lifestyle, menstrual/reproductive history, and histological factors and risk of breast cancer in women biopsied for benign breast disease.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2017Article
- Best practice for HRT: unpicking the evidence.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2016Article
- The Impact of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on the Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.Journal of mid-life healthArticle
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10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMenopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases breast cancer risk; however, most cohort studies omit MHT use after enrolment and many infer menopausal age.
methodsWe used information from serial questionnaires from the UK Generations Study cohort to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer among post-menopausal women with known menopausal age, and examined biases induced when not updating data on MHT use and including women with inferred menopausal age.
resultsAmong women recruited in 2003-2009, at 6 years of follow-up, 58 148 had reached menopause and 96% had completed a follow-up questionnaire. Among 39 183 women with known menopausal age, 775 developed breast cancer, and the HR in relation to current oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use (based on 52 current oestrogen plus progestogen MHT users in breast cancer cases) relative to those with no previous MHT use was 2.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.05-3.65) for a median duration of 5.4 years of current use, reaching 3.27 (95% CI: 1.53-6.99) at 15+ years of use. The excess HR was underestimated by 53% if oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use was not updated after recruitment, 13% if women with uncertain menopausal age were included, and 59% if both applied. The HR for oestrogen-only MHT was not increased (HR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.66-1.54).
conclusionsLack of updating MHT status through follow-up and inclusion of women with inferred menopausal age is likely to result in substantial underestimation of the excess relative risks for oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use in studies with long follow-up, limited updating of exposures, and changing or short durations of use.
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