Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27466467›Full record

ArticleNeurology2016

Anti-LGI1-associated cognitive impairment: Presentation and long-term outcome.

Helena Ariño, Thais Armangué, Mar Petit-Pedrol, Lidia Sabater, Eugenia Martinez-Hernandez, Makoto Hara, Eric Lancaster, Albert Saiz, Josep Dalmau, Francesc Graus

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06515106 (Antibody-mediated LGI1 Encephalitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 174 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
174citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
18.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06515106 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Antibody-mediated LGI1 Encephalitis: Symptoms, Biomarkers, and Mechanisms of the Chronic Phase of the Disease

TypeinterventionalSponsorFundacion Clinic per a la Recerca BiomédicaRan2023 to 2026Enrolled20ConditionsLimbic Encephalitis With LGI1 AntibodiesArmsRemote cognitive rehabilitation program
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

174 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 335 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Minocycline in the Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis (MEET): A Proof of Concept Study.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026
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  14. Persistent Bilateral [Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026
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114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Helena AriñoFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Thais ArmanguéFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Mar Petit-PedrolFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Lidia SabaterFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Eugenia Martinez-HernandezFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Makoto HaraFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Eric LancasterFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Albert SaizFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Josep DalmauFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
Francesc GrausFrom the Neuroimmunology Program (H.A., T.A., M.P.-P., L.S., E.M.-H., M.H., A.S., J.D., F.G.), August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (E.L., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. fgraus@clinic.ub.es.
University of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

Paraneoplastic Disorders of the CNS: Autoantigen ProfilingR01NS077851 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI DALMAU, JOSEP O. · 2011 to 2015
$1.9M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS077851
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe investigated a series of patients with LGI1 antibody (Ab)-related cognitive deterioration to determine the clinical presentation, long-term outcome, and LGI1 Ab evolution.

methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical information of 76 patients with LGI1 Ab-related cognitive deterioration. Presenting syndromes were classified as limbic encephalitis (LE), non-LE, or encephalopathy (normal MRI and no CSF pleocytosis). Frequency of relapses and clinical outcome were assessed in 48 patients with prolonged follow-up (median 39 months, range 18-200).

resultsSixty-three patients (83%) developed LE, 3 (4%) non-LE, and 10 (13%) encephalopathy. All patients received steroids, IV immunoglobulins (Ig), or both. At 2 years, 17 (35%; 95% CI 21%-49%) fully recovered, 17 (35%) became functionally independent but not at baseline or were unable to return to work, 11 (23%) required assistance because of moderate or severe cognitive deficits, and 3 (6%) died. Predictors of bad outcome included no response to initial immunotherapy (odds ratio 23.0, 95% CI 2.4-215.6, p = 0.006) and clinical relapses (odds ratio 10.2, 95% CI 1.0-100.1, p = 0.047) that occurred in 13 patients (27%). In all patients, the LGI1 Abs were IgG4 and usually detectable in both serum and CSF (only CSF, 8%). Abs remained positive in serum of 4 of 16 patients with long-term follow-up; 3 of these 4 patients fully recovered and none showed class switch to IgG1.

conclusionsUp to 13% of patients with LGI1 Abs develop cognitive impairment without criteria of encephalitis. After immunotherapy, only 35% of patients return to their baseline cognitive function. Serum LGI1 Abs may remain detectable after full clinical recovery.

Indexed as

Brain DiseasesCognitive DysfunctionOutcome Assessment, Health CareAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAutoantibodiesDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulins, IntravenousImmunologic FactorsImmunotherapyIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsAutoantibodiesImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulins, IntravenousImmunologic FactorsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLGI1 protein, humanProteinsSteroids

Identifiers

PMID27466467
PMCPMC4999321
OpenAlexW2505174081

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.