ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Loss of function at RAE2, a previously unidentified EPFL, is required for awnlessness in cultivated Asian rice.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
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72 citing papers in PubMed, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-Wide Meta-QTL Analysis and InDel Markers for Salt Tolerance in Rice: Bridging the Gap from Genomics to Breeding.Rice (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly and comprehensive mutation library facilitate bitter gourd breeding and functional genomics research.Plant communications · 2026Article
- To awn or not to awn: Revisiting the evolution of awnedness during rice domestication and improvement.Plant communications · 2026Review
- TaAGL6-B1 identified as a candidate gene for the dominant awn-inhibitor locus B2 in wheat.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2026Article
- Pan-genomic diversity of the EPF/EPFL gene family across wild and modern wheat species.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Independent Origin of Phenol Non-responsive Phenotype Caused By Phr1 Variation During Domestication of Asian and African Rice.Rice (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Mutual inhibition between EPFL2 and auxin extends the intervals of periodic leaf morphogenesis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- From roots to reproduction: the multifaceted roles of rapid alkalinization factor and epidermal patterning factor peptides in plants.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- TaEPFL1 gene controls the development of wheat pistils and stamens by regulating ethylene synthesis.Plant molecular biology · 2025Article
- McATL43 encoding a RING-H2 finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is responsible for Shark teeth (St) fruit wart in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.).TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2025Article
- Comprehensive identification of cotton EPF/EPFL receptors and functional characterization of the GhEPFL1-1-GhER1 module in drought tolerance.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Genome wide identification and characterization of EPFL genes and its potential association with male sterility in Brassica rapa.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SHORT AND CROOKED AWN, encoding the epigenetic regulator EMF1, promotes barley awn development.Plant & cell physiology · 2025Article
- FZP modulates tillering via OsMADS57 in rice.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Competitive binding of small antagonistic peptides to the OsER1 receptor optimizes rice panicle architecture.Plant communications · 2025Article
- The natural variation allele OsGSW3.2 in Oryza rufipogon is involved in brassinosteroid signaling and influences grain size and weight.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Genetic dissection of foxtail millet bristles using combined QTL mapping and RNA-seq.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2025Article
- Article
- Small Peptides: Orchestrators of Plant Growth and Developmental Processes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Genomic diversity, population structure, and genome-wide association reveal genetic differentiation and trait improvements in mango.Horticulture research · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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28 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Domestication of crops based on artificial selection has contributed numerous beneficial traits for agriculture. Wild characteristics such as red pericarp and seed shattering were lost in both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (Oryza glaberrima) cultivated rice species as a result of human selection on common genes. Awnedness, in contrast, is a trait that has been lost in both cultivated species due to selection on different sets of genes. In a previous report, we revealed that at least three loci regulate awn development in rice; however, the molecular mechanism underlying awnlessness remains unknown. Here we isolate and characterize a previously unidentified EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family member named REGULATOR OF AWN ELONGATION 2 (RAE2) and identify one of its requisite processing enzymes, SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE 1 (SLP1). The RAE2 precursor is specifically cleaved by SLP1 in the rice spikelet, where the mature RAE2 peptide subsequently induces awn elongation. Analysis of RAE2 sequence diversity identified a highly variable GC-rich region harboring multiple independent mutations underlying protein-length variation that disrupt the function of the RAE2 protein and condition the awnless phenotype in Asian rice. Cultivated African rice, on the other hand, retained the functional RAE2 allele despite its awnless phenotype. Our findings illuminate the molecular function of RAE2 in awn development and shed light on the independent domestication histories of Asian and African cultivated rice.
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