ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2016
Antenatal endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids and their impact on immune ontogeny and long-term immunity.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Neuropsychological Disorders and Its Intergenerational Transmission Mechanisms.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The timing of antenatal glucocorticoids determines the receptor sensitivity in preterm infants.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- The Pivotal Role of GR-CAR Pathway in Fetal Programming of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A Alteration in Adulthood.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Antenatal Corticosteroids and Infectious Diseases Throughout Childhood.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms in early pregnancy and offspring allergic diseases during toddlerhood.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2025Article
- Perinatal glucocorticoid sensitivity in the preterm newborn: molecular mechanisms, endogenous determinants, and clinical implications.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Beyond defence: Immune architects of ovarian health and disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- Pregestational Prediabetes Induces Maternal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation and Results in Adverse Foetal Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Critical deterioration of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia during pregnancy.BMJ case reports · 2024Article
- Prenatal exposure to maternal disadvantage-related inflammatory biomarkers: associations with neonatal white matter microstructure.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Cumulative maternal lifetime stress & child asthma: effect modification by BMI.Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- The impact of hormones on lung development and function: an overlooked aspect to consider from early childhood.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Developmental programming of tissue-resident macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Antenatal corticosteroid treatment and infectious diseases in children: a nationwide observational study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2023Article
- Stress of Prematurity in the Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic-Current State of Knowledge.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Elevated third trimester corticosteroid levels are associated with fewer offspring infections.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Mitochondrial ROS Accumulation Contributes to Maternal Hypertension and Impaired Remodeling of Spiral Artery but Not IUGR in a Rat PE Model Caused by Maternal Glucocorticoid Exposure.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The molecular mechanisms in prenatal drug exposure-induced fetal programmed adult cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Impact of Betamethasone Pretreatment on Engrafment of Cord Blood-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells.Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis · 2022Article
- Risk Factors from Pregnancy to Adulthood in Multiple Sclerosis Outcome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Endogenous levels of glucocorticoids rise during pregnancy to warrant development and maturation of the fetal organs close to birth. However, during most of the gestation, the fetus is protected from excessive biologically active endogenous glucocorticoids by placental and fetal expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2). Maternal stress, which may overwhelm placental 11β-HSD2 activity with high glucocorticoid levels, or administration of synthetic glucocorticoids to improve the survival chances of the premature newborn, are associated to postnatal increased risk for immune diseases. Fetal exposure to excessive glucocorticoids may underlie this altered postnatal immunity. Here, we revise the role that placental and fetal 11β-HSD2, fetal glucocorticoid exposure, and programming of the offspring's the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis play on concerted steps in immune fetal development. We could identify gaps in knowledge about glucocorticoid-induced programming of immune diseases. Finally, based on current evidence about glucocorticoid and HPA axis-mediated immune regulation, we hypothesize on mechanisms that could drive the enhanced risk for atopies, infections, and type I diabetes in offspring that were prenatally exposed to glucocorticoids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.