ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2016
Cospeciation of gut microbiota with hominids.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 309 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
309 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 583 citations in OpenAlex.
- Partner fidelity, not geography, drives co-diversification of gut microbiota with hominids.Biology letters · 2025Pooled it
- Functionally declining microbiota in chronic disease: beyond taxonomic loss.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Colibactin produced by a honeybee gut symbiont mediates pathogen defence.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Animal gut microbes and microbiomes in the 21st century and beyond.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- The Gut-Iron-Immune Axis in Severe Anaemia and Bacteraemia.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- How do anthropogenic changes affect wildlife microbiomes?PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Humans as an extended phenotype of their microbiota.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2026Article
- The Importance of Sociality and Diet in Explaining Variation in the Bonobo Gut Microbiota.American journal of primatology · 2026Article
- Social microbiome transmission predicts microbial specialization and host lifespan in a wild primate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genomic-microbial coevolution in human development: chromosome 2 fusion, and human accelerated regions.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026Review
- Review
- MHC class II genes influence the gut microbiota of wild golden snub-nosed monkeys.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Of hot springs and holobionts: linking hot spring bathing behavior, parasitism, and gut microbiome in Japanese macaques.Primates; journal of primatology · 2026Article
- Human gut microbiota and brain evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Uniqueness of Companion Animal Fecal Microbiota: Convergence Patterns Between Giant Pandas, Red Pandas, and Domesticated Animals.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A new immunological paradigm for diseases: the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Loss of microbial diversity from human-microbe coevolution: immune, epigenetic, and enteric nervous system mechanisms linking dysbiosis to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Recombination-mediated gene-specific sweeps in motion across the human gut microbiome.Microbiome research reports · 2026Article
249 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of the bacterial lineages that populate the human gut are unknown. Here we show that multiple lineages of the predominant bacterial taxa in the gut arose via cospeciation with humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas over the past 15 million years. Analyses of strain-level bacterial diversity within hominid gut microbiomes revealed that clades of Bacteroidaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae have been maintained exclusively within host lineages across hundreds of thousands of host generations. Divergence times of these cospeciating gut bacteria are congruent with those of hominids, indicating that nuclear, mitochondrial, and gut bacterial genomes diversified in concert during hominid evolution. This study identifies human gut bacteria descended from ancient symbionts that speciated simultaneously with humans and the African apes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.