Observational studyJournal of managed care & specialty pharmacy2016
The Risk of Pneumonia in Older Adults Using Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics.
Observational study in Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors and interventions for developing recurrent pneumonia in older adults.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Hypnotics and infections: disproportionality analysis of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2022Article
- Trends, correlates, and disease patterns of sedative-hypnotic use among elderly persons in Taiwan.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Pneumonia prevention in the elderly patients: the other sides.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2021Article
- Psychotropic Drug-Associated Pneumonia in Older Adults.Drugs & aging · 2020Review
- Refining the Definition of Polypharmacy and Its Link to Disability in Older Adults: Conceptualizing Necessary Polypharmacy, Unnecessary Polypharmacy, and Polypharmacy of Unclear Benefit.The Permanente journal · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have shown an increased risk of pneumonia with benzodiazepines (BZD) and an increased risk of any infection with non-BZD hypnotics, but no analysis has specifically investigated the risk of pneumonia with non-BZD hypnotic use.
objectiveTo evaluate the risk of pneumonia associated with non-BZD hypnotic use in the elderly.
methodsThis was a retrospective case-control study of members aged 65 years and older enrolled in an integrated health care system. Cases were identified as patients aged 65 years and older with a diagnosis of pneumonia from January 2011 to December 2012. Controls were matched in a 4:1 ratio to cases based on age, gender, and active enrollment. Non-BZD hypnotic exposure was evaluated for all cases and controls 1 year before the index date. Proximity of exposure to index date and duration of use were analyzed. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for covariates was performed.
resultsWe identified 51,029 cases with pneumonia and matched 188,391 controls without pneumonia. Of the cases with pneumonia, 5.5% (2,790) of cases had exposure to a non-BZD hypnotic, compared with 3.4% (6,345) of controls. Non-BZD hypnotic exposure was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08-1.20). When exposure was stratified by proximity to index date, only current exposure was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.18-1.36). Short-term exposure was associated with a relatively higher risk of pneumonia (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.39-1.77) compared with long-term use (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.06-1.25).
conclusionsCurrent use of non-BZD hypnotics in older adults is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. The findings of this study provide additional support for reducing the use of non-BZD hypnotics in older adults and for pursuing safer alternatives for treating insomnia. DISCLOSURES: No outside funding supported this study. At the time of this study, Jung was a PGY2 resident in drug information at Kaiser Permanente Drug Information Services. All authors are employed by Kaiser Permanente and report no other potential financial conflicts of interest. Study concept and design were contributed by Jung, Spence, Lee, and Gibbs. Jung, Spence, and Hui were responsible for data collection, and data interpretation was performed by Jung and Spence, with assistance from Escasa, Lee, and Hui. The manuscript was primarily written by Jung, along with Spence and Escasa, and revised by Spence, Escasa, and Lee, along with the other authors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.