ArticlePloS one2016
Phenotypes Associated with Knockouts of Eight Dense Granule Gene Loci (GRA2-9) in Virulent Toxoplasma gondii.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterologous Systems in the Functional Characterization of Proteins from Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Systematic Review.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Toxoplasma GRA72 is Involved in Membrane-Associated Functions and Metabolic Homeostasis Revealed by Transcriptomic Analysis.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- The role of TgEfhc3 in Toxoplasma gondii biology and its prospects as a subunit vaccine.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Dense granule proteins: key mediators ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- The critical role ofmBio · 2025Article
- Elucidating the Role ofBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Molecular interactions ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Functional Characterization of 15 Novel Dense Granule Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Toxoplasma metabolic flexibility in different growth conditions.Trends in parasitology · 2022Review
- Phosphorylation ofmSphere · 2020Article
- Effect of deletion of gra17 and gra23 genes on the growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of type II Toxoplasma gondii.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Succinylated Wheat Germ Agglutinin Colocalizes with the Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Glycoprotein CST1.mSphere · 2020Article
- iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- The GRA15 protein fromThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2019Article
- Article
- In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies TgWIP as a Toxoplasma Modulator of Dendritic Cell Migration.Cell host & microbe · 2019Article
- Differential requirements for cyclase-associated protein (CAP) in actin-dependent processes ofeLife · 2019Article
- Article
- The dense granule protein 8 (GRA8) is a component of the sub-pellicular cytoskeleton in Toxoplasma gondii.Parasitology research · 2019Article
- TheBiology open · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii actively invades host cells and establishes a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) that accumulates many proteins secreted by the dense granules (GRA proteins). To date, at least 23 GRA proteins have been reported, though the function(s) of most of these proteins still remains unknown. We targeted gene knockouts at ten GRA gene loci (GRA1-10) to investigate the cellular roles and essentiality of these classical GRA proteins during acute infection in the virulent type I RH strain. While eight of these genes (GRA2-9) were successfully knocked out, targeted knockouts at the GRA1 and GRA10 loci were not obtained, suggesting these GRA proteins may be essential. As expected, the Δgra2 and Δgra6 knockouts failed to form an intravacuolar network (IVN). Surprisingly, Δgra7 exhibited hyper-formation of the IVN in both normal and lipid-free growth conditions. No morphological alterations were identified in parasite or PV structures in the Δgra3, Δgra4, Δgra5, Δgra8, or Δgra9 knockouts. With the exception of the Δgra3 and Δgra8 knockouts, all of the GRA knockouts exhibited defects in their infection rate in vitro. While the single GRA knockouts did not exhibit reduced replication rates in vitro, replication rate defects were observed in three double GRA knockout strains (Δgra4Δgra6, Δgra3Δgra5 and Δgra3Δgra7). However, the virulence of single or double GRA knockout strains in CD1 mice was not affected. Collectively, our results suggest that while the eight individual GRA proteins investigated in this study (GRA2-9) are not essential, several GRA proteins may provide redundant and potentially important functions during acute infection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.