ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2016
Mycobacterium leprae Activates Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling and Expression on Macrophages Depending on Previous Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- miRNome Expression Analysis Reveals New Players on Leprosy Immune Physiopathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Serum levels of Interleukin-10, Interleukin-6, and leptin in patients with Mycobacterium leprae-Helminth Co-Infections.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Adenosine AFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Trained immunity: A "new" weapon in the fight against infectious diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2022Review
- Activated TLR2/4-positive T cells boost cell exhaustion during lepromatous leprosy infection via PD-1 upregulation.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Modulation of the Response toFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Mycobacterium leprae induces a tolerogenic profile in monocyte-derived dendritic cells via TLR2 induction of IDO.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Polymorphisms in Toll-Like Receptor Genes as Biomarkers of the Response to Treatment of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Innate Immune Responses in Leprosy.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Vaccines for Leprosy and Tuberculosis: Opportunities for Shared Research, Development, and Application.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Phase I clinical trial of a novel autologous modified-DC vaccine in patients with resected NSCLC.BMC cancer · 2017Article
- Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Role of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (Nf-κB) Pathway in Regulating the Cytokine Cascade and as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Leprosy.Indian journal of dermatologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR2 have been shown to be receptors for Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), yet it is unclear whether M. leprae can signal through alternative TLRs. Other mycobacterial species possess ligands for TLR4 and genetic association studies in human populations suggest that people with TLR4 polymorphisms may be protected against leprosy. Using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells co-transfected with TLR4, we demonstrate that M. leprae activates TLR4. We used human macrophages to show that M. leprae stimulation of cytokine production is diminished if pre-treated with TLR4 neutralizing antibody. TLR4 protein expression was up-regulated on macrophages derived from non-bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated healthy volunteers after incubation with M. leprae, whereas it was down-regulated in macrophages derived from BCG-vaccinated donors. Finally, pre-treatment of macrophages derived from BCG-naive donors with BCG reversed the effect of M. leprae on TLR4 expression. This may be a newly described phenomenon by which BCG vaccination stimulates "non-specific" protection to the human immune system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.