ArticleJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2016
Effectiveness of a Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) Intervention to Reduce Salt Intake in a Vietnamese Province Based on Estimations From Spot Urine Samples.
Article in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Social Marketing as a Behavior Change Agent in Salt Reduction.Global heart · 2025Pooled it
- Reducing salt intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavior change interventions in adults.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2020Pooled it
- Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium-disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence of Hypertension in Vietnam: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asia-Pacific journal of public health · 2019Pooled it
- Access to hypertension care and services in primary health-care settings in Vietnam: a systematic narrative review of existing literature.Global health action · 2019Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (September 2016-February 2017).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March-August 2016).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- Review of behaviour change interventions to reduce population salt intake.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2017Pooled it
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Contextual factors and implementation strategies for a multi-level community-based sodium reduction intervention in Chicago's South Side: a qualitative study.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Article
- Analysis of factors associated with public attitudes towards salt reduction: a multicountry cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Association between Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours and 24 h Urinary Salt Excretion in Nepal.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a Salt-Reduction Consumer Awareness Campaign Targeted at Parents Residing in the State of Victoria, Australia.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Development and piloting of a primary school-based salt reduction programme: Formative work and a process evaluation in rural and urban Malawi.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Estimation of Sodium Availability and Food Sources from 2018 to 2019 and Its Trends during the 2004-2019 Period in Costa Rica.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior in an Intervention to Reduce Added Salt When Cooking in a Sample of Adults in Portugal.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Development of the Vietnamese Healthy Eating Index.Journal of nutritional science · 2022Article
- Salt intake and salt-reduction strategies in South Asia: From evidence to action.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Review
- Core Strategies to Increase the Uptake and Use of Potassium-Enriched Low-Sodium Salt.Nutrients · 2021Review
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8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI)-Eat Less Salt intervention conducted in Viet Tri, Vietnam. The behavior change intervention was implemented in four wards and four communes for one year, which included mass media communication, school interventions, community programs, and focus on high-risk groups. Mean sodium excretion was estimated from spot urine samples using different equations. A subsample provided 24-hour urine to validate estimates from spot urine. Information about salt-related knowledge and behaviors was also collected. There were 513 participants at both baseline and follow-up. Mean sodium excretion estimated from spot urines fell significantly from 8.48 g/d at baseline to 8.05 g/d at follow-up (P=.001). All spot equations demonstrated a significant reduction in sodium levels; however, the change was smaller than the measured 24-hour urine. Participants showed improved knowledge and behaviors following the intervention. The COMBI intervention was effective in lowering average population salt intake and improving knowledge and behaviors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.