ArticleInfection and immunity2016
Clostridium difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB Cause Colonic Tissue Damage by Distinct Mechanisms.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Modeling Clostridioides difficile toxin pathogenesis and antiserum protection in an immunocompetent intestine-on-chip platform.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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- Cysteine proteases and how YabG fits into clan CD of the MEROPS database.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Fecal microbiota transplantation as a therapeutic modality for recurrentAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- The interplay between host immunity andmBio · 2025Review
- Article
- Clostridioides difficile meets the adenosine system: the art of manipulating host homeostasis.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Standard mouse diets lead to differences in severity in infectious and non-infectious colitis.mBio · 2025Article
- Microbial Therapeutics in Oncology: A Comprehensive Review of Bacterial Role in Cancer Treatment.Cureus · 2024Review
- The current riboswitch landscape inMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Review
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- PhosphoLipidome Alteration Induced byCells · 2024Article
- Review
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Liberation of host heme bymBio · 2024Article
- Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs sensitize epithelial cells toScience advances · 2023Article
- Beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.Cell host & microbe · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
As the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile is a serious problem in health care facilities worldwide. C. difficile produces two large toxins, TcdA and TcdB, which are the primary virulence factors in disease. The respective functions of these toxins have been difficult to discern, in part because the cytotoxicity profiles for these toxins differ with concentration and cell type. The goal of this study was to develop a cell culture model that would allow a side-by-side mechanistic comparison of the toxins. Conditionally immortalized, young adult mouse colonic (YAMC) epithelial cells demonstrate an exquisite sensitivity to both toxins with phenotypes that agree with observations in tissue explants. TcdA intoxication results in an apoptotic cell death that is dependent on the glucosyltransferase activity of the toxin. In contrast, TcdB has a bimodal mechanism; it induces apoptosis in a glucosyltransferase-dependent manner at lower concentrations and glucosyltransferase-independent necrotic death at higher concentrations. The direct comparison of the responses to TcdA and TcdB in cells and colonic explants provides the opportunity to unify a large body of observations made by many independent investigators.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.