ArticlePediatrics2016
Developmental Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants From Infancy to Kindergarten.
Article in Pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cognitive and academic outcomes of large-for-gestational-age babies born at early term: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive and Learning Outcomes in Late Preterm Infants at School Age: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Stability of developmental status and risk of impairment at 24 and 36 months in late preterm infants.Infant behavior & development · 2020Trial
- Birth injuries in late preterm and term neonates after instrumental delivery: a prospective study on short-term and developmental outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Developmental trajectories of late preterm infants and predictors of academic performance.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Offspring school performance at age 12 after induction of labor vs non-intervention at term: A linked cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Growth of late preterm infants fed nutrient-enriched formula to 120 days corrected age-A randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Cranial Ultrasound Abnormalities in Small for Gestational Age or Growth-Restricted Infants Born over 32 Weeks Gestation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain sciences · 2022Review
- Multiomic Analyses of Nascent Preterm Infant Microbiomes Differentiation Suggest Opportunities for Targeted Intervention.Advanced biology · 2022Article
- Impact of early term and late preterm birth on infants' neurodevelopment: evidence from a cohort study in Wuhan, China.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Education Outcomes of Children Born Late Preterm: A Retrospective Whole-Population Cohort Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- Household unmet basic needs in the first 1000 days and preterm birth status.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2022Article
- Association between early-term birth and delayed neurodevelopment at the age of 2 years: results from a cohort study in China.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- [Neuropsychological development of late preterm infants and early term infants at the age of 1 year: a follow-up study].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2020Article
- Article
- Improved Referral of Very Low Birthweight Infants to High-Risk Infant Follow-Up in California.The Journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
- Gastroschisis at school age: what do parents report?European journal of pediatrics · 2019Article
- A study on the neurodevelopment outcomes of late preterm infants.BMC neurology · 2019Article
- Multi-parametric cardiorespiratory analysis in late-preterm, early-term, and full-term infants at birth.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2019Article
- The Effect of a Social-Emotional Intervention on the Development of Preterm Infants in Institutions.Infants and young children · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare developmental outcomes of late preterm infants (34-36 weeks' gestation) with infants born at early term (37-38 weeks' gestation) and term (39-41 weeks' gestation), from infancy through kindergarten.
methodsSample included 1000 late preterm, 1800 early term, and 3200 term infants ascertained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Direct assessments of development were performed at 9 and 24 months by using the Bayley Short Form-Research Edition T-scores and at preschool and kindergarten using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort reading and mathematics θ scores. Maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from birth certificate data and parent questionnaires. After controlling for covariates, we compared mean developmental outcomes between late preterm and full-term groups in serial cross-sectional analyses at each timepoint using multilinear regression, with pairwise comparisons testing for group differences by gestational age categories.
resultsWith covariates controlled at all timepoints, at 9 months late preterm infants demonstrated less optimal developmental outcomes (T = 47.31) compared with infants born early term (T = 49.12) and term (T = 50.09) (P < .0001). This association was not seen at 24 months, (P = .66) but reemerged at preschool. Late preterm infants demonstrated less optimal scores in preschool reading (P = .0006), preschool mathematics (P = .0014), and kindergarten reading (P = .0007) compared with infants born at term gestation.
conclusionsAlthough late preterm infants demonstrate comparable developmental outcomes to full-term infants (early term and full-term gestation) at 24 months, they demonstrate less optimal reading outcomes at preschool and kindergarten timepoints. Ongoing developmental surveillance for late preterm infants is warranted into preschool and kindergarten.
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