ArticleScientific reports2016
Immune infiltration and PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment are prognostic in osteosarcoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03737435 (Tumor Microenvironment in Patients With Localized Osteosarcoma Treated With Mifamurtide), which is not on this map. Cited by 181 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Tumor Microenvironment in Patients With Localized Osteosarcoma Treated With Mifamurtide: a Translational Study
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 259 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of targeted immunotherapy for osteosarcoma-current knowledge, hotspots and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Prognostic Value of Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression in Solid Tumors Irrespective of Immunotherapy Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Prognostic Value of Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand-1 in Patients With Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Systemic and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Based on 3,680 Patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in sarcoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in tumor infiltrating immune cells in cancers: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Nivolumab and sunitinib in patients with advanced bone sarcomas: A multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial.Cancer · 2025Trial
- Apatinib plus camrelizumab (anti-PD1 therapy, SHR-1210) for advanced osteosarcoma (APFAO) progressing after chemotherapy: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Trial
- Integrative bulk and single-cell transcriptomics identifies a HERC5-linked immune-attenuated risk program for pulmonary metastasis/relapse in osteosarcoma.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Anisotropic Masked Mycobacterium Potentiates Amplified Antitumor Trained Immunity via Spleen Targeting and Myelopoiesis Conversion.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: Current Advances and Future Perspectives.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- A conceptual blueprint for "turning cold to hot" in Osteosarcoma: from TME stratification hypotheses to adaptive therapeutic prospects.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Macrophage plasticity in the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment: opportunities and challenges for immunotherapy.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Unaltered NKG2D-CAR T cell function under hypoxia in osteosarcoma in vitro.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Spatial resolution of the metastatic osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment using immunolabeling across murine, canine and human lung.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Ambivalent Copper: Mechanistically Distinct Immune Effects Driving Innovation in Cancer Nanomedicine.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Single-cell landscape of lymphoid and myeloid heterogeneity across type-stratified craniofacial lesions in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Delayed Aggressive Local Recurrence of Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma 3 Years After an Excellent Pathological Response: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Targeting the osteosarcoma immune microenvironment for improved immunotherapy and translational applications.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Iron-Related Metabolic Targets in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma: Research Progress and Prospects.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Article
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Osteosarcoma patient survival has remained stagnant for 30 years. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed to improve outcomes. We examined the expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and defined the tumor immune microenvironment to assess the prognostic utility in osteosarcoma. PD-L1 expression in osteosarcoma was examined in two patient cohorts using immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 48, n = 59) and expression was validated using quantitative real time PCR (n = 21) and western blotting (n = 9). IHC was used to determine the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the tumor. Expression of PD-L1 was correlated with immune cell infiltration and event-free-survival (EFS). The 25% of primary osteosarcoma tumors that express PD-L1 were more likely to contain cells that express PD-1 than PD-L1 negative tumors (91.7% vs 47.2%, p = 0.002). Expression of PD-L1 was significantly associated with the presence of T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Although all immune cell types examined were present in osteosarcoma samples, only infiltration by dendritic cells (28.3% vs. 83.9%, p = 0.001) and macrophages (45.5% vs. 84.4%, p = 0.031) were associated with worse five-year-EFS. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poorer five-year-EFS (25.0%. vs. 69.4%, p = 0.014). Further studies in osteosarcoma are needed to determine if targeting the PD-L1:PD-1 axis improves survival.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.