ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2016
Effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in preventing admission to hospital and death in people with type 2 diabetes.
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccination of people with solid tumors and diabetes: existing evidence and recommendations. A position statement from a multidisciplinary panel of scientific societies.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Guideline
- The benefits of influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Influenza vaccine effect on risk of stroke occurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Receiving the Flu Vaccine with Acute Cerebrovascular Accident and Its Hospitalization in the Elderly.BioMed research international · 2023Pooled it
- Protective effect of influenza vaccination on cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Limitations for health research with restricted data collection from UK primary care.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2019Pooled it
- Immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Pooled it
- Influenza vaccination after advanced acute kidney injury: effects on mortality, cardiovascular events, and pneumonia-a target trial emulation.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Factors determining first influenza vaccination among individuals with type 2 diabetes in the CONSTANCES cohort by age group (younger than 65 years or 65 and older).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza in elderly Chinese patients with diabetes: A test-negative design case-control study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Chronic Diseases and Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Influenza Vaccination and Short-Term Risk of Stroke Among Elderly Patients With Chronic Comorbidities in a Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025Article
- Vaccinome Landscape in Nearly 620 000 Patients With Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Neurologic Complications of Influenza and Potential Protective Vaccine Effects.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Review
- Enhancing pharmacist intervention targeting based on patient clustering with unsupervised machine learning.Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research · 2025Article
- Recent advances in the influenza virus vaccine landscape: a comprehensive overview of technologies and trials.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Influenza Vaccination Coverage and Influencing Factors in Type 2 Diabetes in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- COVID-19-related fear and anxiety in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Iran after several peaks of the pandemic.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Influenza vaccination for elderly, vulnerable and high-risk subjects: a narrative review and expert opinion.Internal and emergency medicine · 2024Review
- Flu Vaccination Among Patients with Noncommunicable Diseases: A Survey About Awareness, Usage, Gaps and Barriers in Europe.Patient preference and adherence · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe health burden caused by seasonal influenza is substantial. We sought to examine the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against admission to hospital for acute cardiovascular and respiratory conditions and all-cause death in people with type 2 diabetes.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using primary and secondary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in England, over a 7-year period between 2003/04 and 2009/10. We enrolled 124 503 adults with type 2 diabetes. Outcome measures included admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure or pneumonia/influenza, and death. We fitted Poisson regression models for influenza and off-season periods to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for cohorts who had and had not received the vaccine. We used estimates for the summer, when influenza activity is low, to adjust for residual confounding.
resultsStudy participants contributed to 623 591 person-years of observation during the 7-year study period. Vaccine recipients were older and had more comorbid conditions compared with nonrecipients. After we adjusted for covariates and residual confounding, vaccination was associated with significantly lower admission rates for stroke (IRR 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53-0.91), heart failure (IRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65-0.92) and pneumonia or influenza (IRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.99), as well as all-cause death (IRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.83), and a nonsignificant change for acute MI (IRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.62-1.04) during the influenza seasons.
interpretationIn this cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, influenza vaccination was associated with reductions in rates of admission to hospital for specific cardiovascular events. Efforts should be focused on improvements in vaccine uptake in this important target group as part of comprehensive secondary prevention.
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