ArticleMelanoma research2016
Galectin-9 modulates immunity by promoting Th2/M2 differentiation and impacts survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Article in Melanoma research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor cells escape from therapy-induced senescence: from molecular mechanisms to targeted intervention.Biology direct · 2026Review
- Photodynamic therapy with zinc phthalocyanine suppresses immune checkpoints in human melanoma cells.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Galectins at the crossroads of tumor immunity, metabolism, and metastasis: mechanisms, therapeutic resistance, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Search for Potential VDR/Partner Composite Elements in Regulatory DNA of Genes Associated with Respiratory Infections and Atopic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Tongue cancer in pregnancy: challenges and outcomes. A case series and review of the literature.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2025Review
- Dichotomous effects of Galectin-9 in disease modulation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Article
- Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of diverse murine macrophage cellular models.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Association between inflammatory factors and melanoma: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- [Relationship Between Tim-3 and Galectin-9 Expression Levels, Clinical Pathological Characteristics, and Prognosis in Patients After Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2024Article
- Mitofusin 1 silencing decreases the senescent associated secretory phenotype, promotes immune cell recruitment and delays melanoma tumor growth after chemotherapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Melanoma-derived mediators can foster the premetastatic niche: crossroad to lymphatic metastasis.Trends in immunology · 2023Review
- Galectin-9 has non-apoptotic cytotoxic activity toward acute myeloid leukemia independent of cytarabine resistance.Cell death discovery · 2023Article
- BRAF V600-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma and Targeted Therapy Resistance: An Update of the Current Knowledge.Cancers · 2023Review
- Galectin-9 blockade synergizes with ATM inhibition to induce potent anti-tumor immunity.International journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A decade of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in melanoma: understanding the molecular basis for immune sensitivity and resistance.Nature immunology · 2022Review
- Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2022Article
- Serum Levels of Galectin-9 are Increased in Cervical Cancer Patients and are Higher in Advanced Clinical Stages.OncoTargets and therapy · 2022Article
- Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Galectin-9, a β-galactoside-binding protein, is defined as a negative regulator of T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses, favoring Th2 bias. Systemic immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma is predominantly Th2 biased. We hypothesized that galectin-9 can modulate systemic immunity toward Th2 polarization in patients with advanced melanoma. The presence or concentration of galectin-9 was assessed in tumors and plasma, in patients with metastatic melanoma. The immunomodulatory function of galectin-9 was determined by exposing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to galectin-9 in vitro. Galectin-9 was expressed in 57% of tumors and was significantly (3.6-fold) increased in the plasma of patients with advanced melanoma compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). High plasma galectin-9 concentration was associated with systemic Th2 polarization and reduced 2-year survival compared with low/no galectin-9 expression. In-vitro, galectin-9 reduced proliferation of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and promoted Th1 cell apoptosis, Th2-biased cell phenotypes, and cytokine secretion. Galectin-9 also stimulated monocyte differentiation toward an M2 macrophage phenotype, as assessed by chemokine/cytokine secretion and CD206 expression, observed both in vitro as well as in patients with metastatic melanoma. Elevated galectin-9 in patient plasma correlated with Th2 systemic bias and less favorable clinical outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma. This Th2 bias appears to be not only a feature of the known mechanisms of Th1 apoptosis by T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 binding, but also mediated by myeloid cell differentiation toward an M2 phenotype, that favors tumor progression. These data support galectin-9 as a novel therapeutic target for patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Registered trials
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