ReviewVitamins and hormones2016
Prothymosin Alpha and Immune Responses: Are We Close to Potential Clinical Applications?
Review in Vitamins and hormones, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Predicting accelerated fetal growth in pregnancy: beyond maternal hyperglycemia - The role of prothymosin-α, inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenic factors.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2025Article
- Anti-β2glycoprotein I-induced neutrophil extracellular traps cause endothelial activation.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of prothymosin alpha, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and ischemia-modified albumin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dysregulated lipid profile.Qatar medical journal · 2025Article
- Multiomic analyses uncover immunological signatures in acute and chronic coronary syndromes.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, a potent ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, attenuates concanavalin-induced hepatitis by limiting T-cell activation and infiltration of proinflammatory CD11b+ Kupffer cells.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Article
- Linking Gene Fusions to Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Transformation in Dyskeratosis Congenita.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Inference of cell type-specific gene regulatory networks on cell lineages from single cell omic datasets.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Proteomic Analysis Identifies Molecular Players and Biological Processes Specific to SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Endothelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Self-assembly of globular proteins with intrinsically disordered protein polyelectrolytes and block copolymers.Soft matter · 2022Article
- Proteomic profiling reveals engineered chitosan nanoparticles mediated cellular crosstalk and immunomodulation for therapeutic application in apical periodontitis.Bioactive materials · 2022Article
- Immunogenic Cell Death, DAMPs and Prothymosin α as a Putative Anticancer Immune Response Biomarker.Cells · 2022Review
- Article
- Involvement of SNARE Protein Interaction for Non-classical Release of DAMPs/Alarmins Proteins, Prothymosin Alpha and S100A13.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2021Review
- The macrophage-derived protein PTMA induces filamentation of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Proteomics and Organoid Culture Reveal the Underlying Pathogenesis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Observational
- Antitumor Reactive T-Cell Responses Are Enhanced In Vivo by DAMP Prothymosin Alpha and Its C-Terminal Decapeptide.Cancers · 2019Article
- Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2019Review
- RNA-Seq-Based Gene Expression Pattern and Morphological Alterations in Chick Thymus during Postnatal Development.International journal of genomics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The thymus gland produces soluble molecules, which mediate significant immune functions. The first biologically active thymic extract was thymosin fraction V, the fractionation of which led to the isolation of a series of immunoactive polypeptides, including prothymosin alpha (proTα). ProTα displays a dual role, intracellularly as a survival and proliferation mediator and extracellularly as a biological response modifier. Accordingly, inside the cell, proTα is implicated in crucial intracellular circuits and may serve as a surrogate tumor biomarker, but when found outside the cell, it could be used as a therapeutic agent for treating immune system deficiencies. In fact, proTα possesses pleiotropic adjuvant activity and a series of immunomodulatory effects (eg, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, cardioprotective). Moreover, several reports suggest that the variable activity of proTα might be exerted through different parts of the molecule. We first reported that the main immunoactive region of proTα is the carboxy-terminal decapeptide proTα(100-109). In conjunction with data from others, we also revealed that proTα and proTα(100-109) signal through Toll-like receptor 4. Although their precise molecular mechanism of action is yet not fully elucidated, proTα and proTα(100-109) are viewed as candidate adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we present a historical overview on the discovery and isolation of thymosins with emphasis on proTα and data on some immune-related new activities of the polypeptide and smaller immunostimulatory peptides thereof. Finally, we propose a compiled scenario on proTα's mode of action, which could eventually contribute to its clinical application.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.