ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2016
Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone Mechanisms of Action and Resistance.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 268 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
268 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 508 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistant Morganella morganii clinical isolates.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Computational introspection of impact of mutation A90V and A90E in DNA gyrase a of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in developing resistance against Delafloxacin.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Thermal Shifts Dominate Single-Gene Responses to Transcription-Targeting Antibiotics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Harnessing phage-ciprofloxacin synergy to overcome multidrug-resistant infections and biofilm persistence.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Deep learning extracts MoA-specific signatures from high-throughput images of chemically and genetically perturbedScience advances · 2026Article
- Antibacterial photoswitchable triazenic ciprofloxacins.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Article
- Molecular epidemiology of levofloxacin-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Antibiotic resistance mechanisms and global resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- The Convergence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence inMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Designing Antibiotics with Inherent Resistance to Efflux as a Strategy to Revive Discovery against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- A high-throughput fluorescent DNA cleavage assay for discovering bacterial DNA gyrase poisons.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- BactProNET: a structural-mechanistic platform for interpreting target-mediated antimicrobial resistance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Fluoroquinolone-Induced Metabolic Dysregulation and Oxidative Stress Orchestrate Bacterial Demise.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Antibacterial Potential of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes AgainstIranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Methicillin-ResistantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Multimodal Topical Formulations Combining Synthetic Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Levofloxacin, and Plant Extracts for Veterinary Wound and Inflammation Care: In Vivo Efficacy.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Klebsiella pneumoniae in the global AMR: resistance mechanisms and genomic adaptation.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Protective role of VitC, Glutathione and Sodium Pyruvate against antibiotic-induced oxidative damage in Escherichia coli.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Streptomyces Isolates Against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Effect of Spices and Their Phytochemicals: A Novel Approach to Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance.MedComm · 2026Review
208 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Quinolone antimicrobials are widely used in clinical medicine and are the only current class of agents that directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. Quinolones dually target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV binding to specific domains and conformations so as to block DNA strand passage catalysis and stabilize DNA-enzyme complexes that block the DNA replication apparatus and generate double breaks in DNA that underlie their bactericidal activity. Resistance has emerged with clinical use of these agents and is common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms of resistance include mutational alterations in drug target affinity and efflux pump expression and acquisition of resistance-conferring genes. Resistance mutations in one or both of the two drug target enzymes are commonly in a localized domain of the GyrA and ParC subunits of gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively, and reduce drug binding to the enzyme-DNA complex. Other resistance mutations occur in regulatory genes that control the expression of native efflux pumps localized in the bacterial membrane(s). These pumps have broad substrate profiles that include other antimicrobials as well as quinolones. Mutations of both types can accumulate with selection pressure and produce highly resistant strains. Resistance genes acquired on plasmids confer low-level resistance that promotes the selection of mutational high-level resistance. Plasmid-encoded resistance is because of Qnr proteins that protect the target enzymes from quinolone action, a mutant aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme that also modifies certain quinolones, and mobile efflux pumps. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistances and can transfer multidrug resistance that includes quinolones.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.