ArticleBMC pediatrics2016
Comparison of the frequency of bacterial and viral infections among children with community-acquired pneumonia hospitalized across distinct severity categories: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aetiology of childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries in the era of vaccination: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence, associated factors and treatment prescriptions for community-acquired pneumonia: a cross-sectional study at the largest children's hospital in the Ashanti Region, Ghana.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The Burden of Hospitalization Due toHealth science reports · 2025Review
- Pediatric sepsis inflammatory blood biomarkers that correlate with clinical variables and severity of illness scores.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2024Article
- Proteomic profiling of urinary small extracellular vesicles in children with pneumonia: a pilot study.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Sentinel surveillance for bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children under the age of 5 in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Colombia - 2016.Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of Respiratory Pathogens Among Children Hospitalized for Pneumonia in Xiamen: A Retrospective Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2021Article
- Chest CT Findings and Differential Diagnosis ofJournal of healthcare engineering · 2021Article
- Surface texture limits transfer of S. aureus, T4 bacteriophage, influenza B virus and human coronavirus.PloS one · 2020Article
- Life-Threatening Infectious Complications in Sickle Cell Disease: A Concise Narrative Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Review
- High incidence of rhinovirus infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia from a city in the Brazilian pre-Amazon region.Journal of medical virology · 2019Article
- Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Etiology and Impact of Coinfections in Children Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Immunological Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Caused Pneumonia-Implications for Vaccine Design.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe comparison of the frequencies of bacterial and viral infections among children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted in distinct severity categories, in an original study, is lacking in literature to-date. We aimed to achieve this goal.
methodsChildren aged 2-59-months-old hospitalized with CAP were included in this prospective study in Salvador, Brazil. Clinical data and biological samples were collected to investigate 11 viruses and 8 bacteria. Severity was assessed by using the World Health Organization criteria.
resultsOne hundred eighty-one patients were classified as "non-severe" (n = 53; 29.3 %), "severe" (n = 111; 61.3 %), or "very severe" (n = 17; 9.4 %) CAP. Overall, aetiology was detected among 156 (86.2 %) cases; viral (n = 84; 46.4 %), bacterial (n = 26; 14.4 %) and viral-bacterial (n = 46; 25.4 %) infections were identified. Viral infection frequency was similar in severe/very severe and non-severe cases (46.1 % vs. 47.2 %; p = 0.9). Pneumococcal infection increased across "non-severe" (13.2 %), "severe" (23.4 %), and "very severe" (35.3 %) cases (qui-squared test for trend p = 0.04). Among patients with detected aetiology, after excluding cases with co-infection, the frequency of sole bacterial infection was different (p = 0.04) among the categories; non-severe (12.5 %), severe (29.3 %) or very severe (55.6 %). Among these patients, sole bacterial infection was independently associated with severity (OR = 4.4 [95 % CI:1.1-17.6]; p = 0.04) in a model controlled for age (OR = 0.7 [95 % CI:0.5-1.1]; p = 0.1).
conclusionsA substantial proportion of cases in distinct severity subgroups had respiratory viral infections, which did not differ between severity categories. Bacterial infection, particularly pneumococcal infection, was more likely among severe/very severe cases.
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