ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Invited Commentary: Influenza, Influenza Immunization, and Pregnancy-It's About Time.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Influenza vaccination during pregnancy for prevention of influenza confirmed illness in the infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Pooled it
- Coadministered Influenza- and Pertussis-Containing Vaccines in Pregnant Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Protecting pregnancy during pandemics: What recent outbreaks teach us.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Time-related Bias When Studying Perinatal Complications After Maternal Injuries: Application to Maternal Injuries and Preterm Birth.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Metformin and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with gestational diabetes in the United Kingdom: A population-based cohort study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Maternal influenza vaccination and associated risk of fetal loss: A claims-based prospective cohort study.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and risk of chorioamnionitis and related infant outcomes.Vaccine · 2023Observational
- Pregnancy, fetal, and neonatal outcomes after a first booster dose of covid-19 vaccine during pregnancy in Ontario, Canada: population based, retrospective cohort study.BMJ medicine · 2023Article
- Protecting pregnant people & infants against influenza: A landscape review of influenza vaccine hesitancy during pregnancy and strategies for vaccine promotion.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Review
- Longitudinal Methods for Modeling Exposures in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies in Pregnancy.Epidemiologic reviews · 2022Review
- Article
- Safety and protective effects of maternal influenza vaccination on pregnancy and birth outcomes: A prospective cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
- Safety, equity and monitoring: a review of the gaps in maternal vaccination strategies for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Review
- Measurement of birth outcomes in analyses of the impact of maternal influenza vaccination.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2019Article
- Challenges in estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
- The Role of Preterm Birth in the Association Between Opioid Maintenance Therapy and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2018Article
- Influenza epidemiology and immunization during pregnancy: Final report of a World Health Organization working group.Vaccine · 2017Article
- Article
- Hutcheon et al. Respond to "Maternal Influenza Immunization and Birth Outcomes".American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Maternal Influenza Immunization and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Using Data and Practice to Inform Theory and Research Design.American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunization of pregnant women against influenza has the potential to reduce adverse fetal outcomes by reducing prenatal exposure to influenza illness. However, as touched on by Fell et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(3):163-175) and Vazquez-Benitez et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(3):176-186) in this issue of the Journal, observational studies in which the causal effect of maternal influenza illness and influenza immunization on fetal health are evaluated are prone to bias because of the complex temporal nature of influenza illness seasonality, influenza immunization schedules, and gestation itself. Immortal time bias is introduced by an "anytime-in-pregnancy" exposure definition because the shortened pregnancy duration associated with many adverse fetal outcomes limits the opportunity to become exposed, whereas including follow-up time during which pregnancies are no longer at risk of an adverse outcome (e.g., gestational time after 37 weeks in studies of preterm birth) can lead to overestimation of any true benefits of immunization (or harms from influenza illness). We present a framework to avoid time-related biases in the study of influenza illness and immunization in pregnancy and advise that investigations of fetal benefit from maternal influenza immunization should only be undertaken when information is available on the calendar time of influenza virus circulation and the gestational age at which maternal influenza immunization occurred.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.