ArticleEnvironmental research2016
Phenols and parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women.
Article in Environmental research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Influence of Triclosan on the Thyroid Hormone System in Humans - A Systematic Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review.International journal of dermatology · 2020Pooled it
- Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Triclosan and Maternal Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review.Human reproduction update · 2019Pooled it
- Triclosan and triclocarban exposure and thyroid function during pregnancy-A randomized intervention.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2017Trial
- Associations between pollutants, the regularity of daily sex hormone patterns, and hormone profiles over a complete menstrual cycle.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- An Epidemiologic Review of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals and Understudied Gynecologic Health Conditions Affecting Quality of Life.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in cosmetics: mechanistic insights and their impact on human and skin health.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers and incidence of non-reproductive cancers.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Protective role of baicalin against methylparaben-induced reproductive toxicity: Insights into hormonal and enzymatic regulation.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Endocrine Disruptors and Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Thyroid disrupting effects of exposure to sunscreens: in vitro and in vivo evidence of the impact of organic UV-filters.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Review
- Review
- Endocrine and Reproductive Health Considerations of Sunscreen UV Filters: Insights from a Comprehensive Review 2014-2024.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Examining the association between gestational phenol exposure and infant non-nutritive suck in two Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes cohorts.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Association of urine parabens with liver function in US adolescents based on NHANES 2007-2016.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure on thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in early pregnancy.Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2025Article
- Exposure to Synthetic Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Relation to Maternal and Fetal Sex Steroid Hormones: A Scoping Review.Current environmental health reports · 2024Article
- Ultraviolet Filters: Dissecting Current Facts and Myths.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- High-dose exposure to butylparaben impairs thyroid ultrastructure and function in rats.Scientific reports · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPhenols and parabens are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Evidence from animal studies and limited human data suggest they may be endocrine disruptors. In the current study, we examined associations of phenols and parabens with reproductive and thyroid hormones in 106 pregnant women recruited for the prospective cohort, "Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT)".
methodsUrinary exposure biomarkers (bisphenol A, triclosan, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, butyl, methyl and propyl paraben) and serum hormone levels (estradiol, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone) were measured at up to two time points during pregnancy (16-20 weeks and 24-28 weeks). We used linear mixed models to assess relationships between exposure biomarkers and hormone levels across pregnancy, controlling for urinary specific gravity, maternal age, BMI and education. In sensitivity analyses, we evaluated cross-sectional relationships between exposure and hormone levels stratified by study visit using linear regression.
resultsAn IQR increase in methyl paraben was associated with a 7.70% increase (95% CI 1.50, 13.90) in SHBG. Furthermore, an IQR increase in butyl paraben as associated with an 8.46% decrease (95% CI 16.92, 0.00) in estradiol, as well as a 9.34% decrease (95% CI -18.31,-0.38) in estradiol/progesterone. Conversely, an IQR increase in butyl paraben was associated with a 5.64% increase (95% CI 1.26, 10.02) in FT4. Progesterone was consistently negatively associated with phenols, but none reached statistical significance. After stratification, methyl and propyl paraben were suggestively negatively associated with estradiol at the first time point (16-20 weeks), and suggestively positively associated with estradiol at the second time point (24-28 weeks).
conclusionsWithin this ongoing birth cohort, certain phenols and parabens were associated with altered reproductive and thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy. These changes may contribute to adverse health effects in mothers or their offspring, but additional research is required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.