ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016
Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of Ebola Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Lessons from the domestic Ebola response: Improving health care system resilience to high consequence infectious diseases.American journal of infection control · 2018Pooled it
- An imported case of Bundibugyo virus infection, France, June 2026.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Infectious medical waste (IMW) and disease transmission: A critical public health challenge in Africa and the global implications - A systematic review.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Clinical trial simulation of antiviral drugs.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Ebola virus disease: A persistent challenge in global health security.Open veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Risk behaviour associated with contracting the Ebola virus at funerals: a study of Liberians attending the funerals of individuals deceased from Ebola.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Development of immortalized Callithrix jacchus kidney cell lines supporting infection with a panel of viruses.PloS one · 2026Article
- The Re-Emergence of Bundibugyo Ebolavirus in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo: Epidemiological Drivers, Response Strategies, and Implications for Global Health Security.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Incidence and predictors of Sudan ebolavirus transmission among contacts in Uganda in 2022: a retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Mucosal Taï Forest virus infection causes disease in ferrets.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Long-term clinical sequelae among Sudan ebolavirus disease survivors 2 years post-infection: a matched cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Jamaican fruit bats' competence for Ebola but not Marburg virus is driven by intrinsic differences.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A comprehensive overview on the crosstalk between microRNAs and viral pathogenesis and infection.Medicinal research reviews · 2025Review
- ZMapp reduces diffusion of Ebola viral particles in fresh human cervicovaginal mucus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Molecular determinants of cross-species transmission in emerging viral infections.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Rapid taxonomic categorization of short, abundant virus sequences for ecological analyses.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- A Flexible, Quantitative Plasmonic-Fluor Lateral Flow Assay for the Rapid Detection ofACS infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention.Pediatric research · 2024Review
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe magnitude of the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented, with >28 500 reported cases and >11 000 deaths. Understanding the key elements of Ebola virus transmission is necessary to implement adequate infection prevention and control measures to protect healthcare workers and halt transmission in the community.
methodsWe performed an extensive PubMed literature review encompassing the period from discovery of Ebola virus, in 1976, until 1 June 2016 to evaluate the evidence on modes of Ebola virus shedding and transmission.
findingsEbola virus has been isolated by cell culture from blood, saliva, urine, aqueous humor, semen, and breast milk from infected or convalescent patients. Ebola virus RNA has been noted in the following body fluids days or months after onset of illness: saliva (22 days), conjunctiva/tears (28 days), stool (29 days), vaginal fluid (33 days), sweat (44 days), urine (64 days), amniotic fluid (38 days), aqueous humor (101 days), cerebrospinal fluid (9 months), breast milk (16 months [preliminary data]), and semen (18 months). Nevertheless, the only documented cases of secondary transmission from recovered patients have been through sexual transmission. We did not find strong evidence supporting respiratory or fomite-associated transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.