ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2017
Number of Chronic Medical Conditions Fully Mediates the Effects of Race on Mortality; 25-Year Follow-Up of a Nationally Representative Sample of Americans.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Weaker Effects of Educational Attainment on Chronic Medical Conditions in American Indian Alaska Native, Black, and Latino Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Open journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of paternal education on epigenetic ageing in adolescence and mid-adulthood: a multi-cohort study in the USA and Mexico.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Parental Human Capital and Adolescents' Executive Function: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.Medical research archives · 2020Article
- Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents' Attention: Blacks' Diminished Returns.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- African American Children's Diminished Returns of Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status on Fun Seeking.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Reward Responsiveness in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: African Americans' Diminished Returns of Parental Education.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Parental Education on Youth Inhibitory Control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: Blacks' Diminished Returns.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- The association between the number of chronic health conditions and advance care planning varies by race/ethnicity.Aging & mental health · 2020Article
- Educational Attainment Better Reduces Disability for Non-Hispanic than Hispanic Americans.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2020Article
- Understanding America: Unequal Economic Returns of Years of Schooling in Whites and Blacks.World journal of educational research (Los Angeles, Calif.) · 2020Article
- Insomnia Symptoms among African-American Older Adults in Economically Disadvantaged Areas of South Los Angeles.Brain sciences · 2019Article
- Higher Educational Attainment is Associated with Lower Risk of a Future Suicide Attempt Among Non-Hispanic Whites but not Non-Hispanic Blacks.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Article
- Binge Drinking among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults with Diabetes.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Being Married Increases Life Expectancy of White but Not Black Americans.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2019Article
- High Education Level Protects European Americans but Not African Americans Against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: National Health Interview Survey.International journal of biomedical engineering and clinical science · 2019Article
- Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Polypharmacy among Older Americans.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Cigarette Smoking among Economically Disadvantaged African-American Older Adults in South Los Angeles: Gender Differences.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Polypharmacy in African American Adults: A National Epidemiological Study.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Polypharmacy and Psychological Distress May Be Associated in African American Adults.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite the well-established literature on the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on mortality, limited information exists on mediators of these effects. Taking a life-course epidemiology approach, and using a nationally representative sample of adults in the USA, the current study has two aims: (1) to assess the effects of race and SES at baseline on all-cause mortality over a 25-year follow-up and (2) to test whether the number of chronic medical conditions (CMCs) as a time-varying covariate mediates the effects of race and SES on all-cause mortality.
methodsData came from the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) Study, a nationally representative longitudinal cohort of US adults 25 and older. The study followed 3361 Blacks or Whites for all-cause mortality for up to 25 years from 1986 to 2011. The predictors of interest were race and SES (education and family income) at baseline measured in 1986. Confounders included baseline age and gender. CMC was the potential time-varying mediator measured in 1986, 1989, 1991, 2001, and 2011. We ran Cox proportional hazard models with and without CMC as time-varying covariates.
resultsIn separate models, race and SES were predictors of all-cause mortality. In the model that tested the combined effect of race and SES, SES but not race was predictive of all-cause mortality. We also found evidence suggesting that CMC fully mediates the effect of race on all-cause mortality. Number of CMC only partially mediated the effect of SES on mortality.
conclusionThe number of CMC fully mediates the effects of race and partially mediates the effects of SES on all-cause mortality in the USA. Mortality prevention for minority populations will benefit tremendously from elimination of CMC disparities as well as enhancement of CMC management by minority populations. Elimination of the gap due to SES may be more challenging than the elimination of the racial gap in mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.