ArticleTropical medicine and health2016
Fully immunized child: coverage, timing and sequencing of routine immunization in an urban poor settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.
Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04042246 (Knowledge on Vaccination Schedule and Full Immunization, and Its Effect on Vaccine Take-up in Jada Local Government Area in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria), which is not on this map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Knowledge on Vaccination Schedule and Full Immunization, and Its Effect on Vaccine Take-up in Jada Local Government Area in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- To what extent are vulnerability issues included and addressed in Kenya's health and immunization policy documents? A systematic review of documents.NIHR open research · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccination timeliness and delay in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature, 2007-2017.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Pooled it
- The effect of mHealth application on improving childhood immunization coverage and timeliness: a case of the Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, a randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Effect of tailored information of vaccination schedule on vaccine uptake in northern Nigeria.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Trial
- Effect of Mobile Phone Text Message Reminders on the Completion and Timely Receipt of Routine Childhood Vaccinations: Superiority Randomized Controlled Trial in Northwest Ethiopia.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Trial
- Effective coverage of child immunisation service in Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vaccination delay and associated factors among children of age 12-23 months in Gomma district, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- [Vaccination coverage and delay in 2019 and 2020 birth cohorts: household survey in Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil].Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Trends and inequalities in full immunization coverage among two-year-olds in Sierra Leone, 2008-2019.PloS one · 2025Article
- What predicts complete immunisation among 18-month to 24-month-old children in the urban slum area of Hlaingthayar Township, Yangon Region, Myanmar? A cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Adverse Events Following Immunizations in Infants Under 1 Year of Age in Lorestan Province, Western Iran.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2023Article
- Determinants of full immunization coverage among children 12-23 months of age from deviant mothers/caregivers in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis using 2016 demographic and health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Factors associated with incomplete vaccination and negative antibody test results for measles, mumps, and hepatitis A among children followed in the MINA-BRAZIL cohort.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2023Article
- Vulnerability and childhood immunization in Kenya. A systematic review of policy documents protocol.NIHR open research · 2023Article
- Article
- Does mothers' and caregivers' access to information on their child's vaccination card impact the timing of their child's measles vaccination in Uganda?BMC public health · 2022Article
- Preventive Health Service Coverage Among Infants and Children at Six Maternal-Child Health Clinics in Western Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Assessment.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- How public health crises expose systemic, day-to-day health inequalities in low- and-middle income countries: an example from East Africa.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Article
- Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in 103 low-and middle-income countries, 1978-2021: A scoping review to map measurement and methodological gaps.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- The Relationship Between Household Microfinance Group Participation and Vaccine Adherence Among Children in Rural Western Kenya.Maternal and child health journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMore efforts have been put in place to increase full immunization coverage rates in the last decade. Little is known about the levels and consequences of delaying or vaccinating children in different schedules. Vaccine effectiveness depends on the timing of its administration, and it is not optimal if given early, delayed or not given as recommended. Evidence of non-specific effects of vaccines is well documented and could be linked to timing and sequencing of immunization. This paper documents the levels of coverage, timing and sequencing of routine childhood vaccines.
methodsThe study was conducted between 2007 and 2014 in two informal urban settlements in Nairobi. A total of 3856 children, aged 12-23 months and having a vaccination card seen were included in analysis. Vaccination dates recorded from the cards seen were used to define full immunization coverage, timeliness and sequencing. Proportions, medians and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess and describe the levels of full immunization coverage, vaccination delays and sequencing.
resultsThe findings indicate that 67 % of the children were fully immunized by 12 months of age. Missing measles and third doses of polio and pentavalent vaccine were the main reason for not being fully immunized. Delays were highest for third doses of polio and pentavalent and measles. About 22 % of fully immunized children had vaccines in an out-of-sequence manner with 18 % not receiving pentavalent together with polio vaccine as recommended.
conclusionsResults show higher levels of missed opportunities and low coverage of routine childhood vaccinations given at later ages. New strategies are needed to enable health care providers and parents/guardians to work together to increase the levels of completion of all required vaccinations. In particular, more focus is needed on vaccines given in multiple doses (polio, pentavalent and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.