ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Extracellular vesicles and viruses: Are they close relatives?
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 310 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
310 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 494 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research status and future prospects of extracellular vesicles in primary Sjögren's syndrome.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2021Guideline
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- High throughput chromatographic ultra-purification of virus-like particles for downstream viromics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Nanoparticle Delivery Vectors in Cancer Therapy.Nano letters · 2026Review
- Skeletal-muscle-targeted non-viral delivery of full-length DMD mRNA for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Poxviruses Induce the Secretion of Immunostimulating and Anti-Tumoral Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Quality Evaluation Considerations for Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-Based Therapeutic Products in China.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Review
- When Viruses Talk through Extracellular Vesicles: a New Perspective on Sars-Cov-2-Induced Neurodegeneration.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Evaluating the utility of a nanoscale flow cytometer for detection of surface proteins on HIV and extracellular vesicles.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Review
- Hijacking exosome biogenesis: viral glycoproteins as modular scaffolds for engineering functionalized extracellular vesicles.Nanoscale · 2026Article
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Differential protein abundance in colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles from bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle are implicated in immune regulation and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Astragalus polysaccharide promotes latent HIV-1 reactivation via exosome-mediated modulation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Placental Extracellular Vesicles Exhibit Reduced Neurogenic Potential Linked to Changes in Their miRNA Landscape Upon HCMV Infection.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV.Extracellular vesicle · 2025Article
- Megakaryocyte phenotyping in response to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Platelets · 2025Article
250 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cells are small phospholipid membrane-enclosed entities that can carry miRNA. They are now central to research in many fields of biology because they seem to constitute a new system of cell-cell communication. Physical and chemical characteristics of many EVs, as well as their biogenesis pathways, resemble those of retroviruses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate viral proteins and fragments of viral RNA, being thus indistinguishable from defective (noninfectious) retroviruses. EVs, depending on the proteins and genetic material incorporated in them, play a significant role in viral infection, both facilitating and suppressing it. Deciphering the mechanisms of EV-cell interactions may facilitate the design of EVs that inhibit viral infection and can be used as vehicles for targeted drug delivery.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.