ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2017
Olfactory Function and Associated Clinical Correlates in Former National Football League Players.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Olfaction and Executive Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Concussion and long-term cognitive impairment among professional or elite sport-persons: a systematic review.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review.Journal of athletic training · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term neurobehavioral and neuroimaging outcomes in athletes with prior concussion(s) and head impact exposure.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Review
- Impact of Head Trauma: How MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) Affects the Sense of Smell, Cognition, and Quality of Life in Fighters.International archives of otorhinolaryngology · 2025Article
- The AROMHA brain health test is a remote olfactory assessment to screen for cognitive impairment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammation and olfactory loss are associated with at least 139 medical conditions.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Long-Term Changes in Brain Connectivity Reflected in Quantitative Electrophysiology of Symptomatic Former National Football League Players.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Article
- Time Delta Head Impact Frequency: An Analysis on Head Impact Exposure in the Lead Up to a Concussion: Findings from the NCAA-DOD Care Consortium.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2022Article
- Increases of Phosphorylated Tau (Ser202/Thr205) in the Olfactory Regions Are Associated with Impaired EEG and Olfactory Behavior in Traumatic Brain Injury Mice.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2022Article
- Olfactory loss is a predisposing factor for depression, while olfactory enrichment is an effective treatment for depression.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Exposure to Repetitive Head Impacts Is Associated With Corpus Callosum Microstructure and Plasma Total Tau in Former Professional American Football Players.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2021Article
- Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Separated from Plasma of Former National Football League Players at Risk for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.Aging and disease · 2021Article
- Age at First Exposure to Tackle Football is Associated with Cortical Thickness in Former Professional American Football Players.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2021Article
- A magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation in symptomatic former NFL players.Brain imaging and behavior · 2020Article
- Limbic system structure volumes and associated neurocognitive functioning in former NFL players.Brain imaging and behavior · 2019Article
- Tau Positron-Emission Tomography in Former National Football League Players.The New England journal of medicine · 2019Article
- Comprehensive Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Characterization of Former Professional Football Players: Implications for Neurorehabilitation.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Article
- Interactive Effects of Racial Identity and Repetitive Head Impacts on Cognitive Function, Structural MRI-Derived Volumetric Measures, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and Aβ.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Professional American football players incur thousands of repetitive head impacts (RHIs) throughout their lifetime. The long-term consequences of RHI are not well characterized, but may include olfactory dysfunction. RHI has been associated with changes to brain regions involved in olfaction, and olfactory impairment is common after traumatic brain injury. Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent early sequelae of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), and RHI is associated with the neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We examined olfaction, and its association with clinical measures, in former National Football League (NFL) players. Ninety-five former NFL players (ages 40-69) and 28 same-age controls completed a neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric evaluation as part of a National Institutes of Health-funded study. The Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) assessed olfaction. Principal component analysis generated a four-factor structure of the clinical measures: behavioral/mood, psychomotor speed/executive function, and verbal and visual memory. Former NFL players had worse B-SIT scores relative to controls (p = 0.0096). A B-SIT cutoff of 11 had the greatest accuracy (c-statistic = 0.61) and specificity (79%) for discriminating former NFL players from controls. In the former NFL players, lower B-SIT scores correlated with greater behavioral/mood impairment (p = 0.0254) and worse psychomotor speed/executive functioning (p = 0.0464) after controlling for age and education. Former NFL players exhibited lower olfactory test scores relative to controls, and poorer olfactory test performance was associated with worse neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric functioning. Future work that uses more-comprehensive tests of olfaction and structural and functioning neuroimaging may improve understanding on the association between RHI and olfaction.
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Registered trials
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