ArticleBulletin of the World Health Organization2016
Outcomes and costs of implementing a community-based intervention for hypertension in an urban slum in Kenya.
Article in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06258473 (Addressing Gaps in the Hypertension and Diabetes Care Continuum in Rural Bangladesh Through mHealth and Decentralized Primary Care), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Addressing Gaps in the Hypertension and Diabetes Care Continuum in Rural Bangladesh Through mHealth and Decentralized Primary Care: The Dinajpur Study
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions and contextual factors to improve retention in care for patients with hypertension in primary care: Hermeneutic systematic review.Preventive medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The economic burden of treating uncomplicated hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in people with comorbidities in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of home-based follow-up care on hypertension control among patients attending Thika Level Five Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya: A randomized control study.International health · 2025Trial
- Community-based interventions for non-communicable diseases in Africa: a scoping review of scope, effectiveness, and implementation factors.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Costs and Budget Impact of a Health System Strengthening Intervention for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Care in Ghana.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Article
- Understanding the role and organization of health workers delivering non-communicable disease management in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Prevalence of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease among school-going children and adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Outcomes of a hypertension care program based on task-sharing with private pharmacies: a retrospective study from two blocks in rural India.Journal of human hypertension · 2023Article
- Economic evaluation of self-help group interventions for health in LMICs: a scoping review.Health policy and planning · 2023Article
- Economic evaluations of non-communicable diseases conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review of data sources.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2023Article
- Effect of fixed 7.5 minutes' moderate intensity exercise bouts on body composition and blood pressure among sedentary adults with prehypertension in Western-Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- County Health Leadership Practices and Readiness for Noncommunicable Disease Services in Kenya.Annals of global health · 2022Article
- Article
- Government-Expert Joint Intervention with Treatment Algorithm and Improved Hypertension Management and Reduced Stroke Mortality in a Primary-Care Setting.International journal of hypertension · 2021Article
- Mapping the Current and Future Noncommunicable Disease Burden in Kenya by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: A Modeling Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Impact of community based screening for hypertension on blood pressure after two years: regression discontinuity analysis in a national cohort of older adults in China.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Article
- Regional and Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Awareness of Hypertension: An H3Africa AWI-Gen Study Across 6 Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa.Global heart · 2017Article
- Determinants of high blood pressure and barriers to diagnosis and treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Journal of hypertension · 2016Article
- Impact evaluation of a community-based intervention for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the slums of Nairobi: the SCALE-UP study.Global health action · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo describe the processes, outcomes and costs of implementing a multi-component, community-based intervention for hypertension among adults aged > 35 years in a large slum in Nairobi, Kenya.
methodsThe intervention in 2012-2013 was based on four components: awareness-raising; improved access to screening; standardized clinical management of hypertension; and long-term retention in care. Using multiple sources of data, including administrative records and surveys, we described the inputs and outputs of each intervention activity and estimated the outcomes of each component and the impact of the intervention. We also estimated the costs associated with implementation, using a top-down costing approach.
findingsThe intervention reached 60% of the target population (4049/6780 people), at a cost of 17 United States dollars (US$) per person screened and provided access to treatment for 68% (660/976) of people referred, at a cost of US$ 123 per person with hypertension who attended the clinic. Of the 660 people who attended the clinic, 27% (178) were retained in care, at a cost of US$ 194 per person retained; and of those patients, 33% (58/178) achieved blood pressure control. The total intervention cost per patient with blood pressure controlled was US$ 3205.
conclusionWith moderate implementation costs, it was possible to achieve hypertension awareness and treatment levels comparable to those in high-income settings. However, retention in care and blood pressure control were challenges in this slum setting. For patients, the costs and lack of time or forgetfulness were barriers to retention in care.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.