Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27428672›Full record

Observational studyEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2016

Protective Effects of Smoke-free Legislation on Birth Outcomes in England: A Regression Discontinuity Design.

Ioannis Bakolis, Ruth Kelly, Daniela Fecht, Nicky Best, Christopher Millett, Kevin Garwood, Paul Elliott, Anna L Hansell, Susan Hodgson

Open access · greenAbstract readObservational StudyVideo-Audio Media
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
1.1field-weighted citation impact, top 24% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Small-area methods for investigation of environment and health.International journal of epidemiology · 2020
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Ioannis BakolisFrom the aUK Small Area Health Statistics Unit & MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; bHealth Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, cDepartment of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; dDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; eThe Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; fDepartment of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; gDirectorate of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and hMRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Ruth Kelly
Daniela Fecht
Nicky Best
Christopher Millett
Kevin Garwood
Paul Elliott
Anna L Hansell
Susan Hodgson
King's College London · GB

Funding

Department of Health RP_2014-04-032Medical Research Council G0801056
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEnvironmental tobacco smoke has an adverse association with preterm birth and birth weight. England introduced a new law to make virtually all enclosed public places and workplaces smoke free on July 1, 2007. We investigated the effect of smoke-free legislation on birth outcomes in England using Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) maternity data.

methodsWe used regression discontinuity, a quasi-experimental study design, which can facilitate valid causal inference, to analyze short-term effects of smoke-free legislation on birth weight, low birth weight, gestational age, preterm birth, and small for gestational age.

resultsWe analyzed 1,800,906 pregnancies resulting in singleton live-births in England between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2009. In the 1 to 5 months following the introduction of the smoke-free legislation, for those entering their third trimester, the risk of low birth weight decreased by between 8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4%, 12%) and 14% (95% CI: 5%, 23%), very low birth weight between 28% (95% CI: 19%, 36%) and 32% (95% CI: 21%, 41%), preterm birth between 4% (95% CI: 1%, 8%) and 9% (95% CI: 2%, 16%), and small for gestational age between 5% (95% CI: 2%, 8%) and 9% (95% CI: 2%, 15%). The estimated impact of the smoke-free legislation varied by maternal age, deprivation, ethnicity, and region.

conclusionsThe introduction of smoke-free legislation in England had an immediate estimated beneficial impact on birth outcomes overall, although we did not observe improvements across all age, ethnic, or deprivation groups.See video abstract at http://links.lww.com/EDE/B85.

Indexed as

Infant, Low Birth WeightInfant, Small for Gestational AgeSmoke-Free PolicyAdolescentAdultEnglandFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMalePregnancyPremature BirthRegression AnalysisRisk FactorsTobacco Smoke PollutionYoung AdultTobacco Smoke Pollution

Identifiers

PMID27428672
PMCPMC5424880
OpenAlexW2323450778

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.