ReviewNeurobiology of learning and memory2016
Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior.
Review in Neurobiology of learning and memory, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed.
- Inducing illusory control ensures persistence when rewards fade and when others outperform us.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2020Trial
- Cellular and molecular coding of habit-driven behavior in the dorsal raphe nucleus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Vitamin A deficiency induces sex-specific reward processing alterations through a dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine transmission in mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Effort and substance use: differentiating tobacco use through reinforcement learning of effort based decision making.Journal of computational neuroscience · 2026Article
- Apathy, effort-based decisions and brain integrity in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Effort and Substance Use: Differentiating Tobacco Use Through Reinforcement Learning of Effort Based Decision Making.Research square · 2026Article
- Impulsivity in NrCAM KO Mice Is Reduced by NMDAR Antagonist MK-801 but Not by AMPAR Antagonist CNQX.NeuroSci · 2026Article
- Apathy and Reduced Voluntary Activity in Older Adults with Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Assessment, and Rehabilitation Implications.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Review
- Article
- Optogenetic inhibition reveals distinct contributions of medial prefrontal cortex to intertemporal choice in young and aged rats.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- A Common Stay-on-Goal Mechanism in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Information and Effort Choices.eNeuro · 2025Article
- Inhibition of striatal indirect pathway during second postnatal week leads to long-lasting deficits in motivated behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- In a circuit necessary for cognition and emotional affect, Alzheimer's-like pathology associates with neuroinflammation, cognitive and motivational deficits in the young adult TgF344-AD rat.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Stimulant medications in children with ADHD normalize the structure of brain regions associated with attention and reward.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Dopamine and acetylcholine have distinct roles in delay- and effort-based decision-making in humans.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- A stress-sensitive frontostriatal circuit supporting effortful reward-seeking behavior.Neuron · 2024Article
- Refining the study of decision-making in animals: differential effects of d-amphetamine and haloperidol in a novel touchscreen-automated Rearing-Effort Discounting (RED) task and the Fixed-Ratio Effort Discounting (FRED) task.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- How does apathy impact exploration-exploitation decision-making in older patients with neurocognitive disorders?npj aging · 2023Article
- Analytical method to improve the decision-making criteria approach in managing digital social channels.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Insular and Striatal Correlates of Uncertain Risky Reward Pursuit in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
All mobile organisms rely on adaptive motivated behavior to overcome the challenges of living in an environment in which essential resources may be limited. A variety of influences ranging from an organism's environment, experiential history, and physiological state all influence a cost-benefit analysis which allows motivation to energize behavior and direct it toward specific goals. Here we review the substantial amount of research aimed at discovering the interconnected neural circuits which allow organisms to carry-out the cost-benefit computations which allow them to behave in adaptive ways. We specifically focus on how the brain deals with different types of costs, including effort requirements, delays to reward and payoff riskiness. An examination of this broad literature highlights the importance of the extended neural circuits which enable organisms to make decisions about these different types of costs. This involves Cortical Structures, including the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC), the Infralimbic Cortex (IL), and prelimbic Cortex (PL), as well as the Baso-Lateral Amygdala (BLA), the Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc), the Ventral Pallidal (VP), the Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN) among others. Some regions are involved in multiple aspects of cost-benefit computations while the involvement of other regions is restricted to information relating to specific types of costs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.