ArticlePloS one2016
Time for Awareness: The Influence of Temporal Properties of the Mask on Continuous Flash Suppression Effectiveness.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mask contrast and size do not alter suppression depth in the tracking continuous flash suppression paradigm.Journal of vision · 2026Article
- Breakthrough thresholds in continuous flash suppression are tuned to mask temporal frequency but suppression depth is constant.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- A compendium of considerations for methods in motion-induced blindness research.Behavior research methods · 2025Review
- Effects of object-scene congruency with and without awareness.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Deciphering temporal scales of visual awareness: insights from flicker frequency modulation in continuous flash suppression.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2025Article
- Priority access to awareness? A new 'CFS tracking' paradigm reveals no priority for fearful faces or a face inversion effect.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2025Article
- Article
- Binocularly suppressed stimuli induce brain activities related to aesthetic emotions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- CFS-crafter: An open-source tool for creating and analyzing images for continuous flash suppression experiments.Behavior research methods · 2023Article
- Feature-based interaction between masks and target in continuous flash suppression.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Individual resting-state alpha peak frequency and within-trial changes in alpha peak frequency both predict visual dual-pulse segregation performance.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2022Article
- Time and time again: a multi-scale hierarchical framework for time-consciousness and timing of cognition.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2021Article
- Continuous flash suppression: Known and unknowns.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2020Review
- Suppression durations for facial expressions under breaking continuous flash suppression: effects of faces' low-level image properties.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Faces under continuous flash suppression capture attention faster than objects, but without a face-evoked steady-state visual potential: Is curvilinearity responsible for the behavioral effect?Journal of vision · 2020Article
- Eye swapping temporally modulates potency of continuous flash suppression.Journal of vision · 2020Article
- Reversing the Luminance Polarity of Control Faces: Why Are Some Negative Faces Harder to Recognize, but Easier to See?Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Effects of temporal frequency on binocular deficits in amblyopia.Vision research · 2019Article
- Binocular temporal visual processing in myopia.Journal of vision · 2018Article
- Entrainment of theta, not alpha, oscillations is predictive of the brightness enhancement of a flickering stimulus.Scientific reports · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Visual processing is not instantaneous, but instead our conscious perception depends on the integration of sensory input over time. In the case of Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS), masks are flashed to one eye, suppressing awareness of stimuli presented to the other eye. One potential explanation of CFS is that it depends, at least in part, on the flashing mask continually interrupting visual processing before the stimulus reaches awareness. We investigated the temporal features of masks in two ways. First, we measured the suppression effectiveness of a wide range of masking frequencies (0-32Hz), using both complex (faces/houses) and simple (closed/open geometric shapes) stimuli. Second, we varied whether the different frequencies were interleaved within blocks or separated in homogenous blocks, in order to see if suppression was stronger or weaker when the frequency remained constant across trials. We found that break-through contrast differed dramatically between masking frequencies, with mask effectiveness following a skewed-normal curve peaking around 6Hz and little or no masking for low and high temporal frequencies. Peak frequency was similar for trial-randomized and block randomized conditions. In terms of type of stimulus, we found no significant difference in peak frequency between the stimulus groups (complex/simple, face/house, closed/open). These findings suggest that temporal factors play a critical role in perceptual awareness, perhaps due to interactions between mask frequency and the time frame of visual processing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.