ArticlePloS one2016
Conservative Mechanisms of Extracellular Trap Formation by Annelida Eisenia andrei: Serine Protease Activity Requirement.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular traps, an ancient defense mechanism described in hemocytes of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Extracellular DNA traps in a ctenophore demonstrate immune cell behaviors in a non-bilaterian.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Impact of endogenous and exogenous nitrogen species on macrophage extracellular trap (MET) formation by bone marrow-derived macrophages.Cell and tissue research · 2023Article
- Arginase Activity inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- On Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Removal: What We Know Thus Far and Why So Little.Cells · 2020Review
- Age is the work of art? Impact of neutrophil and organism age on neutrophil extracellular trap formation.Cell and tissue research · 2018Review
- Earthworm coelomocyte extracellular traps: structural and functional similarities with neutrophil NETs.Cell and tissue research · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Formation of extracellular traps (ETs) capturing and immobilizing pathogens is now a well-established defense mechanism added to the repertoire of vertebrate phagocytes. These ETs are composed of extracellular DNA (extDNA), histones and antimicrobial proteins. Formation of mouse and human ETs depends on enzymes (i) facilitating decondensation of chromatin by citrullination of histones, and (ii) serine proteases degrading histones. In invertebrates, initial reports revealed existence of ETs composed of extDNA and histones, and here we document for the first time that also coelomocytes, immunocompetent cells of an earthworm Eisenia andrei, cast ETs which successfully trap bacteria in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and -independent manner. Importantly, the formation of ETs was observed not only when coelomocytes were studied ex vivo, but also in vivo, directly in the earthworm coelom. These ETs were composed of extDNA, heat shock proteins (HSP27) and H3 histones. Furthermore, the formation of E. andrei ETs depended on activity of serine proteases, including elastase-like activity. Moreover, ETs interconnected and hold together aggregating coelomocytes, a processes proceeding encapsulation. In conclusion, the study confirms ET formation by earthworms, and unravels mechanisms leading to ET formation and encapsulation in invertebrates.
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