ArticleBMC genomics2016
Multiple adaptive routes of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to biocide and antibiotic exposure.
Article in BMC genomics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in biofilms from swine drinking water pipes before and after treatment with peracetic acid.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Characterization and comparative genome analysis of a new Tequintavirus isolated on Salmonella enterica serotype Tennessee.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Resilient by Design: Environmental Stress Promotes Biofilm Formation and Multi-Resistance in Poultry-AssociatedMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Prevalence of mutations associated with tolerance to chlorhexidine and other cationic biocides amongMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- Reviewing the complexities of bacterial biocide susceptibility and in vitro biocide adaptation methodologies.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Biocides as drivers of antibiotic resistance: A critical review of environmental implications and public health risks.Environmental science and ecotechnology · 2025Review
- Investigations of microbial adaptation to singular, binary, and fully formulated quaternary ammonium compounds.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Tolerance inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- A machine learning-based strategy to elucidate the identification of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2024Article
- Biofilms as protective cocoons against biocides: from bacterial adaptation to One Health issues.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
- Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance.Journal of hazardous materials · 2023Review
- Assessment of a plasmid conjugation procedure to monitor horizontal transfer of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance gene under food chain scenarios.Current research in food science · 2023Article
- Effect of povidone-iodine and propanol-based mecetronium ethyl sulphate on antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Article
- Evolutionary Pathways and Trajectories in Antibiotic Resistance.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Article
- Cryo-EM Structure and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of the Fluoroquinolone Resistant Mutant of the AcrB Transporter fromMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Selection for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens through Exposure to UV Light and Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma Decontamination Techniques.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2020Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Chlorhexidine and Impacts on Susceptibility to Colistin, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Ceragenins.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Biolog Phenotype Microarray Is a Tool for the Identification of Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pump Inducers.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
- Resistance of Bacteria to Biocides.Microbiology spectrum · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBiocides and antibiotics are used to eradicate or prevent the growth of microbial species on surfaces (occasionally on catheters), or infected sites, either in combination or sequentially, raising concerns about the development of co-resistance to both antimicrobial types. The effect of such compounds on Salmonella enterica, a major food-borne and zoonotic pathogen, has been analysed in different studies, but only few works evaluated its biological cost, and the overall effects at the genomic and transcriptomic levels associated with diverse phenotypes resulting from biocide exposure, which was the aim of this work.
resultsExposure to triclosan, clorhexidine, benzalkonium, (but not to hypochlorite) resulted in mutants with different phenotypes to a wide range of antimicrobials even unrelated to the selective agent. Most biocide-resistant mutants showed increased susceptibility to compounds acting on the cell wall (β-lactams) or the cell membranes (poly-L-lysine, polymyxin B, colistin or toxic anions). Mutations (SNPs) were found in three intergenic regions and nine genes, which have a role in energy production, amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids metabolism, some of them involved in membrane transport and pathogenicity. Comparative transcriptomics of biocide-resistant mutants showed over-expression of genes encoding efflux pumps (sugE), ribosomal and transcription-related proteins, cold-shock response (cpeE) and enzymes of microaerobic metabolism including those of the phosphotransferase system. Mainly ribosomal, metabolic and pathogenicity-related genes had affected expression in both in vitro-selected biocide mutants and field Salmonella isolates with reduced biocide susceptibility.
conclusionsMultiple pathways can be involved in the adaptation of Salmonella to biocides, mainly related with global stress, or involving metabolic and membrane alterations, and eventually causing "collateral sensitivity" to other antimicrobials. These changes might impact the bacterial-environment interaction, imposing significant bacterial fitness costs which may reduce the chances of fixation and spread of biocide resistant mutants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.