ArticleBMJ open2016
Incidence of adverse drug events in public and private hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: the (ADESA) prospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mortality among patients due to adverse drug reactions that occur following hospitalisation: a meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- Frequency and Nature of Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events in Mental Health Hospitals: a Systematic Review.Drug safety · 2017Pooled it
- "It's Not Just a System Error": A Qualitative Study of Nurses' Perspectives on Medication Safety in Saudi Hospitals.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Attitudes toward patients' safety among healthcare professionals in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia: Evaluating the Current Situation and Identifying the Areas for Improvement.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Use of PediSTAT Application by Paramedics Working in Saudi Arabia to Reduce the Risk of Medication Error for Pediatric Patients.Pediatric reports · 2025Article
- Drug Therapy-related Problems Detected by Clinical Pharmacists in a Closed Loop Medication Management; A Cross-sectional Study in UAE.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Voluntary Neonatal Medication Incident Reporting-A Single Centre Retrospective Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Exploring the Use of Persuasive System Design Principles to Enhance Medication Incident Reporting and Learning Systems: Scoping Reviews and Persuasive Design Assessment.JMIR human factors · 2024Article
- Shaping Safety: Unveiling the Dynamics of Incident Reporting and Safety Culture in Saudi Arabian Healthcare.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence of polypharmacy in heart failure patients: A retrospective cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Clinical Practice Guidelines in an Era of Accountability, Saudi Arabia: A Call for Action.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2023Article
- Article
- Healthcare professionals' awareness, attitudes and practices towards pharmacovigilance and spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: A survey study.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Antibiotics-Related Adverse Drug Reaction in a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A Cohort, Retrospective Study.Cureus · 2023Article
- Types, trends, and patterns of the reported antimicrobial errors to the eastern region's medical centers in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Incidence and Economic Burden of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalization: A Prospective Study in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Potential drug-drug interactions and associated factors among admitted patients with psychiatric disorders at selected hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2022Article
- The evaluation of adverse drug reactions in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective observational study.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and assess their severity and preventability in four Saudi hospitals.
designProspective cohort study.
settingThe study included patients admitted to medical, surgical and intensive care units (ICUs) of four hospitals in Saudi Arabia. These hospitals include a 900-bed tertiary teaching hospital, a 400-bed private hospital, a 1400-bed large government hospital and a 350-bed small government hospital.
participantsAll patients (≥12 years) admitted to the study units over 4 months. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidents were collected by pharmacists and reviewed by independent clinicians. Reviewers classified the identified incidents as ADEs, potential ADEs (PADEs) or medication errors and then determined their severity and preventability.
resultsWe followed 4041 patients from admission to discharge. Of these, 3985 patients had complete data for analysis. The mean±SD age of patients in the analysed cohort was 43.4±19.0 years. A total of 1676 ADEs were identified by pharmacists during the medical chart review. Clinician reviewers accepted 1531 (91.4%) of the incidents identified by the pharmacists (245 ADEs, 677 PADEs and 609 medication errors with low risk of causing harm). The incidence of ADEs was 6.1 (95% CI 5.4 to 6.9) per 100 admissions and 7.9 (95% CI 6.9 to 8.9) per 1000 patient-days. The occurrence of ADEs was most common in ICUs (149 (60.8%)) followed by medical (67 (27.3%)) and surgical (29 (11.8%)) units. In terms of severity, 129 (52.7%) of the ADEs were significant, 91 (37.1%) were serious, 22 (9%) were life-threatening and three (1.2%) were fatal.
conclusionsWe found that ADEs were common in Saudi hospitals, especially in ICUs, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Future studies should focus on investigating the root causes of ADEs at the prescribing stage, and development and testing of interventions to minimise harm from medications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.