ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2017
Cognitive Reserve and Brain Maintenance: Orthogonal Concepts in Theory and Practice.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cognitive reserve in individuals with frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2024Pooled it
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Understanding brain resilience in superagers: a systematic review.Neuroradiology · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Cognitive Reserve and Psychological Well-Being in Aging Population of Community-Dwellers in Spain.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Mapping Neuroanatomical Heterogeneity of Brain Aging Within a Clinically Defined Aging Reference Cohort.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Lifespan Trajectories of Asymmetry in White Matter Tracts.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Brain maintenance biomarkers from structural and functional interactions in aging and neurodegeneration.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Differential Effects of Lifestyle Indicators on Cognitive Functioning Across Healthy, Dementia, Parkinson's Disease, and Stroke Groups.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The average does not represent the individual: White matter variability across the brain, across the population, and across the lifespan.Research square · 2026Article
- Amyloid-beta relates to default and attention network connectivity during working memory retrieval.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Lifespan Trajectories of Asymmetry in White Matter Tracts.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A review of artificial intelligence-based brain age estimation and its applications for related diseases.Briefings in functional genomics · 2025Review
- Assessing the Utility of Predicted Brain Age for Explaining Variability in Language Abilities in Healthy Older Adults.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Sleep Genetics and Cognitive Changes over Time: The Moderating Effect of Age and the Role of Brain.Genes · 2024Article
- Occipital hypoperfusion and motor reserve in Parkinson's disease: an early-phaseNPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- APOE ε4 carrier status moderates the effect of lifestyle factors on cognitive reserve.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Cognitive Polygenic Index is Associated with Occupational Complexity over and above Brain Morphometry.Behavior genetics · 2024Article
- Free-water imaging reveals unique brain microstructural deficits in hispanic individuals with Dementia.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Article
- Disrupted excitation-inhibition balance in cognitively normal individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cognitive Reserve and Brain Maintenance have traditionally been understood as complementary concepts: Brain Maintenance captures the processes underlying the structural preservation of the brain with age, and might be assessed relative to age-matched peers. Cognitive Reserve, on the other hand, refers to how cognitive processing can be performed regardless of how well brain structure has been maintained. Thus, Brain Maintenance concerns the "hardware," whereas Cognitive Reserve concerns "software," that is, brain functioning explained by factors beyond mere brain structure. We used structural brain data from 368 community-dwelling adults, age 20-80, to derive measures of Brain Maintenance and Cognitive Reserve. We found that Brain Maintenance and Cognitive were uncorrelated such that values on one measure did not imply anything about the other measure. Further, both measures were positively correlated with verbal intelligence and education, hinting at formative influences of the latter to both measures. We performed extensive split-half simulations to check our derived measures' statistical robustness. Our approach enables the out-of-sample quantification of Brain Maintenance and Cognitive Reserve for single subjects on the basis of chronological age, neuropsychological performance and structural brain measures. Future work will investigate the prognostic power of these measures with regard to future cognitive status.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.