ArticleScientific reports2016
Potent response of QS-21 as a vaccine adjuvant in the skin when delivered with the Nanopatch, resulted in adjuvant dose sparing.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innate local response and tissue recovery following application of high density microarray patches to human skin.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Advancing intradermal vaccine delivery: Focus on hollow microneedles and skin models.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Article
- From bark to bench: innovations in QS-21 adjuvant characterization and manufacturing.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Subunit vaccines with a saponin-based adjuvant boost humoral and cellular immunity to MERS coronavirus.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Adjuvant Effects of a New Saponin Analog VSA-1 on Enhancing Homologous and Heterosubtypic Protection by Influenza Virus Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Local Response and Barrier Recovery in Elderly Skin Following the Application of High-Density Microarray Patches.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Mucosal Vaccination With RecombinantFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Developing a Stabilizing Formulation of a Live Chimeric Dengue Virus Vaccine Dry Coated on a High-Density Microarray Patch.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Review
- cGAMP/Saponin Adjuvant Combination Improves Protective Response to Influenza Vaccination by Microneedle Patch in an Aged Mouse Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Efficient Delivery of Dengue Virus Subunit Vaccines to the Skin by Microprojection Arrays.Vaccines · 2019Article
- Food Additives as Novel Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2019Article
- Saponins fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Immunotherapeutic Potential of Mollusk Hemocyanins in Combination with Human Vaccine Adjuvants in Murine Models of Oral Cancer.Journal of immunology research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adjuvants play a key role in boosting immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly for subunit protein vaccines. In this study we investigated the induction of antibody response against trivalent influenza subunit protein antigen and a saponin adjuvant, QS-21. Clinical trials of QS-21 have demonstrated the safety but, also a need of high dose for optimal immunity, which could possibly reduce patient acceptability. Here, we proposed the use of a skin delivery technology - the Nanopatch - to reduce both adjuvant and antigen dose but also retain its immune stimulating effects when compared to the conventional needle and syringe intramuscular (IM) delivery. We have demonstrated that Nanopatch delivery to skin requires only 1/100(th) of the IM antigen dose to induce equivalent humoral response. QS-21 enhanced humoral response in both skin and muscle route. Additionally, Nanopatch has demonstrated 30-fold adjuvant QS-21 dose sparing while retaining immune stimulating effects compared to IM. QS-21 induced localised, controlled cell death in the skin, suggesting that the danger signals released from dead cells contributed to the enhanced immunogenicity. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the suitability of reduced dose of QS-21 and the antigen using the Nanopatch to enhance humoral responses, and the potential to increase patient acceptability of QS-21 adjuvant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.