Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27402876›Full record

ArticleHuman molecular genetics2016

An intergenic risk locus containing an enhancer deletion in 2q35 modulates breast cancer risk by deregulating IGFBP5 expression.

Asaf Wyszynski, Chi-Chen Hong, Kristin Lam, Kyriaki Michailidou, Christian Lytle, Song Yao, Yali Zhang, Manjeet K Bolla, Qin Wang, Joe Dennis and 103 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Human molecular genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.

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  13. Molecular karyotyping and gene expression analysis in childhood cancer patients.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2020
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  20. Common Genetic Variation and Breast Cancer Risk-Past, Present, and Future.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2018
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

113 authors at 20 institutions in 23 countries.

Asaf WyszynskiDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
Chi-Chen HongDepartment of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Kristin LamDartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
Kyriaki MichailidouCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Christian LytleMolecular Biology Core Facility, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
Song YaoDepartment of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Yali ZhangDepartment of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Manjeet K BollaCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Qin WangCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Joe DennisCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
John L HopperCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Melissa C SoutheyDepartment of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Marjanka K SchmidtNetherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Annegien BroeksWellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
Kenneth MuirDivision of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical school, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
Artitaya LophatananonDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Peter A FaschingUniversity Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Matthias W BeckmannUniversity Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Julian PetoDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
Isabel Dos-Santos-SilvaDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
Elinor J SawyerResearch Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
Ian TomlinsonWellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
Barbara BurwinkelDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Frederik MarmeDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Pascal GuénelInserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France.
Thérèse TruongInserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France.
Stig E BojesenCopenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
Børge G NordestgaardCopenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
Anna González-NeiraHuman Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Javier BenitezHuman Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Susan L NeuhausenBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
Hermann BrennerDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Aida Karina DieffenbachDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Alfons MeindlDivision of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
Rita K SchmutzlerDivision of Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
Hiltrud BrauchDr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
GENICA Network
Heli NevanlinnaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 HUS, Finland.
Sofia KhanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 HUS, Finland.
Keitaro MatsuoDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
Hidemi ItoDivision of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan.
Thilo DörkDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Natalia V BogdanovaDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Annika LindblomDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Sara MargolinDepartment of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Arto MannermaaSchool of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Veli-Matti KosmaSchool of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
kConFab Investigators
Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group
Anna H WuDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
David Van Den BergDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Diether LambrechtsVesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Hans WildiersMultidisciplinary Breast Center, Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Jenny Chang-ClaudeDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Anja RudolphDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Paolo RadiceUnit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy.
Paolo PeterlongoIFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy.
Fergus J CouchDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Janet E OlsonDepartment of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Graham G GilesCancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
Roger L MilneCancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
Christopher A HaimanDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Brian E HendersonDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Martine DumontCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
Soo Hwang TeoCancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tien Y WongSingapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 168751.
Vessela KristensenDepartment of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
Wei ZhengDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Jirong LongDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Robert WinqvistLaboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
Katri PylkäsLaboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
Irene L AndrulisLunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.
Julia A KnightProsserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.
Peter DevileeDepartment of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
Caroline SeynaeveFamily Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Montserrat García-ClosasDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.
Jonine FigueroaDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Daniel KlevebringDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Kamila CzeneDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Maartje J HooningDepartment of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Ans M W van den OuwelandDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Hatef DarabiDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Xiao-Ou ShuDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Yu-Tang GaoDepartment of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Xuhui, Shanghai, China.
Angela CoxCRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
William BlotDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Lisa B SignorelloDivision of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Mitul ShahCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Daehee KangDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
Ji-Yeob ChoiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
Mikael HartmanSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597.
Hui MiaoSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597.
Ute HamannMolecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Anna JakubowskaDepartment of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland.
Jan LubinskiDepartment of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland.
Suleeporn SangrajrangNational Cancer Institute, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
James McKayInternational Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, CEDEX 08, France.
Amanda E TolandDepartment of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Drakoulis YannoukakosMolecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10 Athens, Greece.
Chen-Yang ShenTaiwan Biobank, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
Pei-Ei WuTaiwan Biobank, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
Anthony SwerdlowDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.
Nick OrrBreakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
Jacques SimardCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
Paul D P PharoahCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Alison M DunningCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
Georgia Chenevix-TrenchDepartment of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Per HallDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.
Elisa BanderaRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
Chris AmosDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
Christine AmbrosoneDepartment of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Douglas F EastonCentre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Michael D ColeDepartment of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Michael.D.Cole@dartmouth.edu.
University of Southern California · USUniversity of Cambridge · GBDartmouth College · USGerman Cancer Research Center · DEInstitute of Cancer Research · GBRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center · USKarolinska Institutet · SEMount Sinai Hospital · CANational University of Singapore · SGThe University of Melbourne · AUErasmus MC · NLSeoul National University · KRUniversity of Helsinki · FIVanderbilt University · USCentre for Human Genetics · GBHeidelberg University · DEHerlev Hospital · DKLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBMayo Clinic · USMedizinische Hochschule Hannover · DE

Funding

Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment Research ProgramP30CA068485 · NCI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI MATTHEW J TYSKA · 1995 to 2026
$172.8M
Translational Therapeutics Research Program (TT)P30CA016058 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Tasleem J Padamsee · 1985 to 2026
$132.3M
Translational Engineering in Cancer (TEC)P30CA023108 · NCI · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI Steven D Leach · 1985 to 2026
$91.3M
Statistical MethodsP01CA087969 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER · 2000 to 2019
$77.8M
Southern Community Cohort StudyR01CA092447 · NCI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BLOT, WILLIAM J., ZHENG, WEI · 2001 to 2015
$74.0M
The Role of CHFR in Tumorigenesis and Paclitaxel-Sensitivity in Breast CancerP50CA116201 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI PETER C LUCAS · 2005 to 2026
$49.9M
CALIFORNIA TEACHERS STUDYR01CA077398 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BERNSTEIN, LESLIE · 1998 to 2014
$29.7M
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER IN MULTIETHNIC COHORTSR01CA063464 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI HENDERSON, BRIAN E · 2001 to 2005
$23.2M
Multiethnic Cohort Study of Diet and CancerR37CA054281 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI KOLONEL, LAURENCE N. · 2003 to 2012
$23.2M
Breast Cancer Family Registry CohortUM1CA164920 · NCI · CANCER PREVENTION INSTIT OF CALIFORNIA · PI ANDRULIS, IRENE, BUYS, SAUNDRA S · 2012 to 2017
$12.7M
Characterizing Genetic Susceptibility to Breast and Prostate Cancer; the BPC3U01CA098758 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI HENDERSON, BRIAN E · 2003 to 2010
$11.0M
Epidemiologic StudiesU19CA148065 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI AHSAN, HABIBUL, BRUGGE, JOAN SIEFERT · 2010 to 2014
$10.6M
Cancer Research UK 10118Cancer Research UK 10124Cancer Research UK 16561Cancer Research UK 16565Medical Research Council MC_PC_14105NCI NIH HHS K07 CA092044NCI NIH HHS N01 CN025403NCI NIH HHS P01 CA087969NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016058NCI NIH HHS P30 CA023108NCI NIH HHS P30 CA068485NCI NIH HHS P50 CA116201NCI NIH HHS R01 CA047147NCI NIH HHS R01 CA047305NCI NIH HHS R01 CA054281NCI NIH HHS R01 CA058860NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063464NCI NIH HHS R01 CA064277NCI NIH HHS R01 CA069664NCI NIH HHS R01 CA077398NCI NIH HHS R01 CA080320NCI NIH HHS R01 CA092447NCI NIH HHS R01 CA100374NCI NIH HHS R01 CA116167NCI NIH HHS R01 CA128978NCI NIH HHS R01 CA132839NCI NIH HHS R01 CA148667NCI NIH HHS R01 CA176785NCI NIH HHS R37 CA054281NCI NIH HHS R37 CA070867NCI NIH HHS U01 CA058860NCI NIH HHS U01 CA063464NCI NIH HHS U01 CA098758NCI NIH HHS U01 CA116167NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148065NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148112NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148537NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA164920NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182910World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in females. Previous association studies have identified variants on 2q35 associated with the risk of breast cancer. To identify functional susceptibility loci for breast cancer, we interrogated the 2q35 gene desert for chromatin architecture and functional variation correlated with gene expression. We report a novel intergenic breast cancer risk locus containing an enhancer copy number variation (enCNV; deletion) located approximately 400Kb upstream to IGFBP5, which overlaps an intergenic ERα-bound enhancer that loops to the IGFBP5 promoter. The enCNV is correlated with modified ERα binding and monoallelic-repression of IGFBP5 following oestrogen treatment. We investigated the association of enCNV genotype with breast cancer in 1,182 cases and 1,362 controls, and replicate our findings in an independent set of 62,533 cases and 60,966 controls from 41 case control studies and 11 GWAS. We report a dose-dependent inverse association of 2q35 enCNV genotype (percopy OR = 0.68 95%CI 0.55-0.83, P = 0.0002; replication OR = 0.77 95% CI 0.73-0.82, P = 2.1 × 10

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticSequence DeletionAdultAgedBreast NeoplasmsCarrier ProteinsCase-Control StudiesChromosomes, Human, Pair 2FemaleGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5MCF-7 CellsMiddle AgedPolymorphism, Single NucleotideCarrier ProteinsIGFBP5-interacting protein, humanInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5

Identifiers

PMID27402876
PMCPMC5216618
OpenAlexW2473057142

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.